Safety.
New
students and postdocs should attend the laboratory safety training before starting
their work in the lab. Rutgers Environmental Health and
Safety (REHS)
department performs the so-called new
employee laboratory safety training sessions monthly. Please visit the
following link for different types of safety trainings and schedule: https://ipo.rutgers.edu/rehs/training. In our lab, you need the basic lab safety and the chemical safety trainings. You are
encouraged to consult with our administrative assistants (Nancy Pamula or Erica DiPaola), so that they can schedule the
appropriate safety training for you.
Refresher training must be taken annually. It can either be taken as a classroom session or online (only for individuals who have previously completed the in-person initial training session). The online refresher version of this training is available by logging in at http://myrehs.rutgers.edu.
New
employees (students and postdocs) should also talk to their Professor, so that
he gives them the basic safety tour of the particular lab(s) and describes
safety matters specific to this research group. This should be done
irrespective of the formal REHS safety training obtained by new employees, and
it should take place before the person starts working in the lab.
Your attitude toward your Professor (the
same basically applies to your interaction with other group members).
Understand
that your Professor is ALWAYS busy with various administrative, teaching and
science-related tasks and responsibilities. Therefore, please do the following:
Your attitude toward research.
You should
be excited about research you are doing. If you are not excited, interested or curious about your
projects, you'll lack the necessary self-motivation and creativity, and you may
ultimately fail as a scientist. Lack of interest is usually associated with one
of these reasons:
If this is
the case, according to our experience, most likely it is not going to work, and
you will end up wasting a lot of time (probably years) and energy. The bottom line: if you are not genuinely
interested in science and research, and you do not see this line of work as
your future long-term career, you should not do science or scientific research.
If you
feel uncomfortable, frustrated or terrified by the unknown, unexpected or
unconventional, you should probably steer clear of scientific research.
To
successfully do science and research, you should be diligent by nature.
To be
successful in experimental research, you cannot be sloppy.
You should
read at least 3 papers a week. Sounds like not a big deal? See for how long you'll last.
Train your
memory. You
should be able to remember the basic, most important facts, results and
conclusions that came out of your everyday activities, even if you are working
on several projects at a time and dealing with hundreds of samples a week. I
suggest the following regular exercise: every evening after work, sit down in a
quiet room and spend 10-15 minutes thinking about what happened during the day
and what you learned. Sort through the experiments, data and events of the day
in your memory, mentally emphasizing the most important things. This will help
you to single out essential results and solidify these in your memory.
Learn to
multitask. If you
cannot multitask, you will not be successful in the modern World. Normal
graduate students and postdocs should be able to lead 2-3 research projects at
a time, plus maintain 2-3 collaborations. In addition, you are expected to
carry out regular lab chores, contribute to education and outreach by working
on our technical notes, and teach/supervise a junior group member (if any assigned
to you). Therefore, when your Professor tells you to run a chore or take on an
extra project, it should cause an expression of joy and delight on your face, instead
of the grin of Jack Nicholson.
Maintain a
personal lab book.
Use a page-numbered lab book. Pages are never to be ripped out of your lab
book. Each new experiment or measurement must start with a date and a brief
title giving a clear purpose or idea of the experiment. Next goes the sample
description, technical details, such as sample's number, device fabrication
conditions, measurements conditions, LabView programs used, etc. After that,
include your data, analysis (estimates, calculations, etc)
and finally bulleted list of conclusions. Samples of lab book pages are
provided here: 1, 2, 3, crystal growth, 5, thermal
evaporation/parylene deposition, 7. Here is an example of how the crystal
growth batches must be labeled: box with crystals. Your handwriting should be very
neat and clear, so that everyone can easily read and understand it.
Plan every
experiment very carefully.
Good planning saves a lot of time and trouble. First, you should clearly
understand the goal of each experiment, what you want to show, prove, or check.
Once the goal is understood and formulated, you should design your experiment,
paying special attention to control tests that would rule out possible
artifacts. Second, perform a virtual
experiment in your mind, using your imagination: close your eyes and just
picture yourself doing the experiment step by step, according to your design.
During this process, you'll figure out what extra steps need to be taken and
what problems you might expect during the experiment. Next, write down a
detailed plan of the experiment and discuss it with your Professor.
Doing
research should be like playing ping-pong with your Professor. He pitches you an idea, you come
back with results quick, and this continues back-and-forth, until you have a
story or decide to move on to another project. The Professor should not be
looking for you to get your feedback and repeatedly ask questions like ''Did
you do that?'', ''Did it work?'', ''What did you see?'' You should work
expeditiously and take the initiative to report important results and
observations quickly.
In
academic research, you work for yourself, not for your Professor. Although not required, it is
recommended that students and postdocs work on weekends, unless they have kids
or other serious family issues or responsibilities. This especially concerns
individuals whose personal progress in research is insufficient. The number and
quality of publications of a student or a postdoc are typically directly proportional
to the amount of focused research effort they invest in their work. Additionally,
bear in mind that when students and postdocs apply for their next job, very
frequently the potential employer would ask the previous adviser to comment on
the willingness and availability of the student/postdoc to perform extra work
on weekends and holidays.
You must
be meticulously clean while working in the lab. Mess and sloppiness will not be
tolerated. Besides observing chemical and electric safety rules in the lab, one
also needs to perform regular cleaning of the lab space.
Creativity training.
In order
to stimulate creativity, we will have the following exercise once a week during
our regular group meeting. Every group member will be asked to propose a new
idea. Try to come up with something creative, new and interesting that you
think is worth pursuing. It does not necessarily have to be something grand or
complicated. You have a freedom to think up something as small as a technical
improvement of your experiment, or as big as a new revolutionary concept. It is
expected that these proposals will be followed by brainstorming. Keep in mind a
few things. First, for most people it is hard to generate new ideas or
propose clever experiments, unless you are a very talented individual. Second,
your ideas should be the result of your focused thinking during your daily work
and reading. Third, avoid spitting out your ideas immediately after they
jumped into your mind. Digest your idea first by spending some time thinking
about it, deciding how good it is and formulating it in proper English. At the
same time, do not be afraid proposing something crazy or stupid - sometimes
things like that lead to breakthroughs. Do not be afraid or ashamed, if you
initially have a hard time coming up with ideas - it is hard to do this, and
you are learning, so let's exercise regularly.
Purchases.
Hard
copies of these (especially POs) must be attached to the special folder named ''Orders''
that we have in the lab.
Shipping samples to collaborators.
First,
prepare your samples. Characterize them (whatever needs to be characterized).
For example, if you are shipping FETs, measure their standard transfer and
output characteristics, extract the mobility, threshold voltage, etc. Always take
photographs of all your samples. Samples must be labeled with a number and a
date clearly written either on the substrate or on the containers. For fragile
samples (such as organic crystals or OFET devices) use the small round tin
boxes; these boxes are very robust and convenient, but they have to be
thoroughly cleaned with a tissue soaked in acetone before using to remove
machine oil residue off their interior. Create a docx or power point file
briefly describing the set of samples you are shipping, listing the fabrication
conditions, characterization data, extracted parameters and photographs. A sample file is
available here.
Pack the samples, making sure they will not break during the shipping. We ship
samples by FedEx or UPS (UPS is preferable for domestic shipping). Ask your
collaborator for the correct shipping address and the actual phone number of
the recipient (required by FedEx and UPS), where the actual person can be
reached in case the delivery has a problem finding the destination. Also ask
your Professor what account should be used to cover the shipping fee. Go to
my.physics.rutgers.edu -> login with your NetID -> Shipping Form.
Complete the form. In the ''administrative assistant/shipping coordinator'' you
can choose Erica DiPaola (administrative assistant, Serin 2nd floor, E269, edipaola
AT physics.rutgers.edu) or Jerrell Spotwood (stock room administrator, 1st floor,
W134, stock room, js1399 AT physics.rutgers.edu). After you submitted the form
online, the shipping coordinator you have chosen will send you a printable
version of the shipping label. Print the label and the supporting documentation
describing your samples that you've created. Talk to the shipping coordinator,
who will give you an appropriate shipping envelope. Put your samples (wrapped
in a bubble wrap or placed in a padded inner envelope) and the supporting
documentation in the envelope, attach the shipping label and seal the envelope.
You are responsible for making sure that all the information (address, tel.
number, etc) on the shipping label is correct; always
write down the package's tracking number before shipping it out (important).
Then bring the package downstairs by the stock room in Serin
Physics building. FedEx or UPS people pick up packages from the Serin Physics each weekday before 3 pm, so if you want the
package to go out today, make sure you finish everything before 3 pm and put
the ready-to-go package on the small metal table right outside the stock room.
If you are sending a UPS package, ask Jerrell to call them (unlike FedEx, they
are not checking in every day). Make sure the pink sheet of paper (an indicator
to the FedEx or UPS truck driver) is put up on the nearby glass entrance door
of the building near the stock room. Send an e-mail to your collaborator
(always CC your Professor, as well as their group leader, manager, etc.),
advising them about your shipment. In your e-mail, include the tracking number
of your package and the file with the supporting documentation for your
samples.
Receiving products or samples.
Our
shipping/delivery addresses (you have to also provide you actual phone number,
where you can be reached by the delivery guy):
Prof. V. Podzorov
Rutgers University
Physics Department
136 Frelinghuysen Rd.,
Piscataway, NJ 08854
USA
Computers.
You are
responsible for making sure that there is antivirus and antimalware software
installed on all the computer(s) assigned to you (typically, these are the PCs
that you use in your work). You are responsible for keeping these programs
updated. You are supposed to set up these programs (both antivirus and
anti-spyware) to run at least once a week (recommended: every night). Rutgers
accessible antivirus software can be downloaded here: https://software.rutgers.edu/ (requires a login with RU net-ID and password). The
suggested free anti-spyware and anti-malware can be downloaded here: Adaware (http://www.lavasoft.com/) and Spybot Search&Destroy (http://www.safer-networking.org/en/spybotsd/index.html). You are responsible for backing
up your data, LabView programs, power point presentations, and everything else
related to your work on a flash drive, an external HDD, or a cloud at least
once a week. Use of a cloud is OK, but
strictly for the cloud that requires your official Rutgers NetID
and password for access. Data loss can be a really frustrating experience -
be very careful.
Lab rules.
Chatting/texting
on a phone or computer on topics unrelated to your research is seriously
discouraged when you are working in the lab. Such activity apparently represents a serious distraction from
one's work, especially when one has to be extremely focused while working on
delicate samples or carrying out complex measurements. In our past experience,
it led to a huge number samples broken in the middle of the fabrication process,
a number of experimental blunders, and lots of wasted time for some of our students
addicted to texting.
No
listening to music in earphones is the lab. This is a safety violation, as it is a serious distracting
factor. In addition, it is known to accelerate hearing loss, especially later
in life.
No wearing
flip-flops or sandals in the lab. It's a safety violation. In the lab, one should wear shoes
with a fully covered top.
No eating
in the lab.
It's a safety violation. For a snack or coffee break, please use the common
area reading room outside of our lab.
Wash hands
thoroughly before
and after working with any samples, even when you use gloves.
Chemical
waste containers
for used solvents must be maintained under each fume hood (in the satellite
accumulation area). The container must be labeled "Used solvents (include
a list of solvents dumped there)". The container can be either a used
amber glass bottle of appropriate size or REHS-issued special container (the white
plastic bottles for acids and other harsh chemicals). The container MUST NOT be
tightly closed. A dedicated funnel must be sitting in the mouth of the
container or nearby. The funnel must also be labeled "For dirty solvents
only", it must not be used for other purposes.
Used
tissues, paper towels, gloves, etc used for cleaning parts with
solvents have to be collected from the grey bin under the hood and placed in
designated plastic bags on a regular basis (at least once a week). The bags
have to be placed away in a trash bin or other designated bin. No chemicals,
other that materials exposed to simple non-hazardous solvents (acetone,
propanol, ethanol, etc) can be placed in these trash
bins.
If you
need to work with more dangerous chemicals (acids, etc),
first discuss it with the Professor, even if you had prior experience working
with such chemicals; second, make sure to dispose such used chemicals only in compatible
containers (such as REHS issued white plastic bottles) with appropriate label
(sitting under the hood in 286); third, watch for the amount of the waste in
the bottle and arrange REHS pickup timely. Waste pick up can be ordered online
by filling this form: https://halflife.rutgers.edu/forms/hazwaste.php
The last
person leaving for the day is responsible for (a) checking around the labs
for basic safety, and (b) locking all the lab doors. Checking for safety
includes EGW (electricity, gas, water).
"Electricity" includes power devices like furnaces or hotplates that
have to be turned off, unless an overnight experiment is performed, ceiling
lights, desk lamps, microscope lights, etc. "Gas" includes compressed
gas cylinders (make sure the valves are closed, unless it needs to be open for
an overnight experiment). "Water" includes any cooling water for equipment
such as an electromagnet, a closed-cycle cryostat, etc. All these should be
shut off, unless an overnight experiment is performed. If unsure, ask a more
senior lab member. It is advised that you know cell phone numbers of your team
mates and your Professor in case there is nobody in the building to ask or
consult with.
When you
need to order gas cylinder(s) or liquid cryogens (liquid N2
or He), please first discuss it with your Professor, unless you already know
what you are doing. Use the Instructions for ordering
gases.
If you
need our machine shop to make a special part or equipment that is not
commercially available, please use these instructions for using
our machine shop service.
Chemistry
stock room.
Basic solvents and some usual reagents of moderate purity can be purchased from
the Chemistry stockroom (Dept. of Chemistry). To get liquid supplies from there
use a special orange plastic carry bucket (usually located in Serin 286). High purity solvents have to be ordered from an
outside supplier.
Gloves. We only use powder-free gloves in our lab. Gloves can be purchased from Physics
stockroom. Note: Nitrile gloves are
expensive, so careful and thoughtful usage is necessary. Wear gloves while
performing any work with chemicals (SAM or crystal growth related work), all
cleaning work (FTS cleaning, crystal growth cleaning, oil change in vacuum
pumps, general lab cleaning), work with vacuum parts (chambers, gauges, flanges
etc) and especially any work related to the crystal
growth (involving handling of quartz tubes, spatulas, silicone stoppers, ets). While wearing gloves, do not touch anything unrelated
to the parts you are working with, such as door knobs, your face and hair,
clothes, pens, keyboards, etc. Do not exchange gloves between different tasks.
For example, if you just cleaned up the FTS chamber, do not use the same gloves
to touch any other unrelated parts. If you were changing pump oil, do not use
the same gloves for handling the quartz tubes, etc. Also, change gloves when
you go from one level of purity to the next one during the process of preparing
your setup. For instance, while cleaning the crystal growth set-up, first
thoroughly clean the bench and the surrounding area (this will likely make your
gloves very dirty), then change to fresh gloves and do a thorough cleaning of
the quartz tubes and tools you will be using (spatulas, stoppers, etc). This might dirty your gloves less and with different
contaminants. Still change to a new pair of gloves before the final cleanup of
the inner quartz tube and loading of high-purity material into the furnace. The
same applies to the parylene growth: do a thorough cleaning of the setup first,
then change the gloves before loading parylene and samples into the system. In
many cases gloves can and should be re-used. This is OK when you are performing
not-so-dirty work, such as handling relatively clean vacuum parts, final
cleaning of the quartz tubes, handling substrates and clean lab tools, etc. After
such tasks, used gloves should be saved and later re-used for tasks that do not
require extreme purity, such as the basic lab cleaning, an initial ''dirty'' equipment
cleanup, a pump oil change, etc. Please, make effort to save gloves, yet without
jeopardizing the safety and quality of your experiment. Use common sense in
this matter.
Manuals
for instruments/devices/machines or components should never be discarded. For each
piece of equipment that comes with a manual or description of some sort, we
make a folder and store the manual and other related documents in that folder
labeled with the name of the equipment. These folders should be in a steel
cabinet in the lab. Before using the equipment, each student/postdoc must be
directed to read the manual at least briefly, and only after that work with a
person assigned to this machine/equipment. If there is no person assigned to
the equipment, the user should familiarize himself/herself very carefully with
the manual, including safety and maintenance protocols. For some of the
techniques and procedures, we maintain technical
notes on our
group's page that might be helpful.
Dry turbo
pump stations
are NOT to be used in a combination with any parts (chamber, valve or a hose)
that have been used with an oil pump. These dry pumps are especially designed
to operate without oil to eliminate any oil back-streaming typically occurring in
oil-based pumps. Such dry pumps should be used in the experiments, where a
potential contamination of the surface of the sample with oil is of concern.
Currently, we have three dry pumping stations - red Pfeiffer turbo stations
with ISO63 turbo and a diaphragm backing pump - one in Serin
286 and two in the HIM space (NPL).
The
preferred time for our regular group meetings is Monday afternoon. Each
group member should make an effort to come to the group meetings prepared.
Bring your notebook, data and other relevant materials to the group meeting.
Your attitude towards the meeting should reflect the fact that this is your
chance to show your data and results, as well as discuss possible
concerns/questions with your Professor and other team members. Try to
"digest" your information, before presenting it at the group meeting.
Data keeping format.
When you
put together your data in a file, please follow the following simple rules for
data storage/presentation. The Origin file must contain: a very brief title
giving the main idea of the measurement, description of your sample including
the date of the growth batch, type of device, type of contacts, thickness of
the dielectric, etc, correct axes labeling with right
units, brief description of the measurement conditions, a file path to these
data on your hard drive, a brief list of conclusions you made from this
experiment, some extracted numbers (such as, e. g., mobility,
photoconductivity, threshold voltage, etc), in some
cases, it is useful to include photos of the samples, or SEM/AFM images next to
the curves. Please see an example of
the data keeping format here. In addition to storing your data on a hard drive and a memory
stick, please print them out and attach to a special personal folder, where all
your data should be kept. It is also recommended to print out small (reduced
size) copies of the main plots and results and attach them with comments to
your lab book describing the corresponding experiments.
Weekly research updates.
1. It is
recommended that a research update is sent to your Professor via e-mail or a
cloud-drive link every Sunday evening. Your update sent on time will
give your Professor a chance to look through your data and think about them before
the group meeting on Monday, so that he can provide a better input for you on
your work. Keeping regular updates helps you to maintain a periodic record of
what you've been doing and maintaining a catalogue of your
results/thoughts/conclusions in a systematic manner. It is thus very useful for
your own successful career, not only for your Professor's personal
satisfaction.
2. Your
update should be in the form of a power point (or docx) file, in which you
should incorporate Origin plots with your measurements, modeling and other
details, as described in the "Data keeping format" section. Materials
making, sample growth, device fabrication and assembling experimental setups can
also be included. The graphs in your pptx file must be ''clickable''
(this can be achieved by copy-pasting the graph directly from Origin by
pressing CTRL-J in Origin and then CRTL-V in the Office App). This is
necessary, so that your Professor can open the corresponding Origin files with your
original data, graphs and other information by double-clicking on the figures
in your update.
3. Do not
send graphs with unlabeled axes or missing units - this is unprofessional!
Always include a concise statement of the purpose before each piece of data/measurement/experiment:
this statement should tell the idea or the goal of this task. Always add a
short statement of conclusion after each piece of data/measurement/experiment.
Always include important experimental details, such as, for instance, the main sample
fabrication conditions, film thicknesses, capacitances, type of substrates,
date of the crystal growth, measurement conditions (temperature, air/vacuum,
light sources and intensities, electrical parameters of your measurements, etc). Include electrical measurement circuitry, if you used
something new or unconventional. Always include photographs of your devices and
samples (and a sketch or photo of your setup whenever necessary). See
"Data keeping format" for more details and examples.
4. Ideally,
your update should only contain the last week's results (the most recent data).
Do not include the material that has been already reported in the prior
updates, unless the old data are needed to show a new finding/idea/modeling or
other new insights based on the old data. Do not include materials belonging to
another group member, unless your work is based on using such materials. For
instance, if you work with samples made by someone else, it is ok (and even
necessary) to briefly mention what those samples are, how they were made and
their parameters, indicating who made/provided the samples.
5. Always
number pages (or slides) of your update. Include the title of the project, your
name and the names of your collaborators, as well as the date on the 1st
page.
6.
Filename of your update should contain your last name, brief name of the
project, and the date of the update (for instance, podzorov_WSe2 FETs_070103.pptx).