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330W: auto…

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330W: disposal, when it's gonna put the new one in. We're gonna open it, put the new one in, it finally takes it out. Yeah, okay. That's great. I'm gonna just… okay.

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330W: Sounds good.

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330W: We have a feeling at least everything else.

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330W: And we've got a lot of coffees.

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330W: How should people put into it?

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330W: Yeah, it's usually…

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330W: We get about 30 ends in. So it's pretty good turnout. We used to hold them in Physics Lecture hall. Have you been in there? Oh, the big one? Oh, yeah. And that was always tough, because if we had 100 people, it would be a decent turnout. Yeah.

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330W: And I love it that it's 15 months. Yeah, so it's really hard nowadays. I think in the old days, everyone in the department would work with.

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330W: But Mike, it's not like that, right? And so, this works great for us. We didn't have this facility. This is where the math and science

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330W: the math and physics library used to be? Oh, now it's in the center. It's really not. Yeah, and it's great, but if there was the math library, they merged the chain, so I should have said this… Oh, really? Yeah, I should have said this is where the physics library used to be. I don't know that… They merged it over into the math library.

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330W: And…

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330W: Interesting. That's the world that happens, because you have done this space, and SA has turned out to have, you know, the university always says that, SA has turned out to have funds to refurbish a space like this, and they built this. Oh, yeah, I mean, that's where there's funds for the library every minute. Yeah, yeah, yeah, she got rid of this one. And then this kind of used to be, like,

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330W: Over to the depth of the…

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330W: the librarian, but the high tier is down undergrad Study Mount. Access to the hallway, so they don't have to have a PDD.

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330W: Oh, wow.

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330W: Well, yeah, it's, the math number is really nice. I was just, I was just there. I was studying.

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330W: I was reading a book on…

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330W: How you doing? Yeah, how about you?

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330W: Okay, I logged in on me.

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330W: Okay, so, all the audio is muted will be on your laptop, and then we can share your talk. Yeah, okay. Okay, then, then you can… also, the actual mute button. Oh, you mean this one? Yeah. Yeah, so it's both Zoom and… Oh, no, oh.

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330W: Yeah, so, yeah. Oh, yeah, yeah, yes, yes, yeah. And then, you can share your talk.

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330W: Yeah. That's cool. Yeah.

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330W: He's a…

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330W: Maybe, but he seems physics-y, like he's doing a physics course. Well, he's supposed to come join us in a few minutes. Oh, okay.

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330W: But, well, yeah, it's been minoring and physics. I'm not, like, a minor, but I have to minor in something, and… Oh, really? It overlaps. Matt is an accredited 10th grader.

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330W: So, yeah.

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330W: Like, just physics skills.

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330W: Maybe? I just have never heard of… it was unfamiliar to me that you had the models. Yeah, yeah. So if my… I'm not staring at the physics majors. Maybe. I'm not sure. Yeah, it's weird.

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330W: Most faculty know very little about these kind of things. You ask this what classes you should take, they're like, well, I heard about this one. You have to always talk to the undergraduate program first. You give them white stories.

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330W: But the purpose is so complicated, we don't… Yeah. The program directors don't, like, let you take a lot of classes, though. They get, like, they're like, oh, you, that's not a course cookies.

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330W: Cool.

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330W: I think you have to understand, people are conservative. Yeah, that's true.

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330W: And their conservative students come in for the smartest person in their high school, or the best high school ever is, right? And they don't know how to calibrate that. Yeah.

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330W: And I think there are some other users, too, don't try to tolerate that either. That's true, yeah. So, be patient, but it's great, sounds like you're… they've allowed to be ambitious, essentially. Yeah. Oh, so, okay, personally… oh, I don't even have to connect with. No, no, no, yeah, yeah, you do everything on your laptop. Okay, okay. Yeah, it was… it was also part of…

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330W: I did a program with the head of the math department, and it was part of me knowing math that got me into that, so, yeah. I'll hang around for a bit. Okay, sure, sure.

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330W: Don't think you've got it. The university, they generally have enough freedom. Yeah.

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330W: do bend the rules and give special permissions or things. Yeah. They just sometimes don't know where to do it, but… Yeah, yeah.

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330W: I, I've been trying, but I don't know, the academic aren't particularly difficult. Yeah. The GR faculty card, it's… it's a formal introduction to GR, in a sense that… Yeah, that should be asked. It's just, like, for the grad course. It's, like, 600-something.

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330W: you don't… I mean, I guess you're kind of stuck in it now, because you had dropped in so early. It's an auditing capacity. You're auditing it, yeah, that's correct. Yeah, yeah, yeah.

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330W: No problems.

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330W: Well, one piece of advice when I was an undergrad, I audited a couple of physics credit sources. Yeah. And when you audit, it's easy to not take it too seriously.

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330W: Please, just… Yeah, yeah, actually.

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330W: You're kind of…

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330W: I know, Kesha's important.

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330W: If you like coffee or tea? I don't know. Neither, there's herbal tea, I don't know, I just use pipika.

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330W: Not, not either. Of course. And then there's some cookies or nutmegs you can pick a package.

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330W: Great.

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330W: But, but yeah, I'm taking it with… his last name is a… It's positive on our…

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330W: I might know who that is, actually. Oh, I know who Shoddy is. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Because he advises some other guys in research. Yeah, yeah. Let's do it. It's funny,

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330W: How do you spell the first name? S-H-A-T-I.

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330W: So I was spelling it wrong, and I added that, but not recognizing, but I get exactly that. That's why I'm parting the pass, because… Yeah, yeah. And you'll send some things after that.

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330W: You don't have to rush to take credit reports by any means, but it's really good for you to… Okay, so… Yeah, sure.

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330W: Yeah, yeah, yeah. By the way, did you ask for, I mean, review to be sent from Dusan?

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330W: there was the option of choosing for the competition.

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330W: Which is more than that. Yes, I see. You did, you did. In the very beginning, you mean… You asked for… because I got, I got it, I got… Another review? No, no, no. The review, the review of my, my review result. Did you get the result earlier? I got it yesterday. You got it just yesterday? Yesterday, you got your result? Because I asked for it, but unless you ask for it, you don't get it. Oh, really? Did you ask for it? I didn't ask.

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330W: Maybe you can… maybe not too late. At least reading that was helpful. I will see him next week, right? Oh, okay, maybe that'll get… your own review. I just thought it would definitely be useful for you. Yeah, definitely, definitely, so at least… got it.

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330W: Yeah, okay, I think it was useful. Yeah, it was useful, actually.

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330W: But I don't know for sure, because I haven't taught. If I've taught it, of course I know that. I teach all sorts of things. This semester, I'm actually at the Honors College.

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330W: Wednesday mornings. I have office hours from 9 to 10, and my classes 10 to 20 for 3 hours.

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330W: It's once a week.

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330W: Interdisciplinary honors seminar on the science of science fiction. Yeah, it's not awkward every semester, but unless… are you signed up?

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330W: You're not signed up yet. Yeah, my course, so far, is offered mostly for 10 years. Oh, wow. I taught it once 10 years ago, and this is the first chance I got to teach. That's not really because the honors program fits.

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330W: Because this department… Has a certain number of astral factor.

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330W: Maybe it's to teach all of the pastor coins.

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330W: Gotta teach my other sports.

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330W: Oh, very, very, very. What do you teach class semester?

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330W: That's a good question. I taught a graduate course.

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330W: on… galaxies.

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330W: The undergrad version is called the opposite is not human.

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330W: And this was about… Galaxies of productive dynamics.

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330W: Wow. So it used to be two separate graduate courses, so we merged it.

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330W: Hi, Alo, how you doing?

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330W: Chocolate underneath his hand.

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330W: Right.

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330W: Yeah, so that was… that was okay. That was the first time I've taught that particular project before.

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330W: And it… it was okay. Galaxy formation.

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330W: Yeah, and public calls. Oh, wow, really?

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330W: Nice. Yeah, I was always interested in that. Oh, a few bad times.

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330W: You know, but any other people's go across.

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330W: Sure, that'd be really good.

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330W: Yeah, so anyway, what kind of questions can I answer for you guys?

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330W: Good amount.

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330W: So the one strength is because I still give you the…

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330W: which you haven't already heard, is to talk to the undergraduate program director in your history of ZVA

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330W: That's going to be the best person to advise you on the course sequenced to take.

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330W: I actually do have a question. So…

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330W: I'm considering graduating next year, because I do technically have the credits to do so, and…

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330W: I could do it if I can click the back of it.

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330W: Right. It would… it would save money, and I would be losing the best.

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330W: Yeah. We might… It seems… it seems to be unlikely.

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330W: We'll get into specific graduate program.

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330W: You think I… Well, okay, so for the graduate school time, same thing.

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330W: Well, if I have to buy in the fall, right? You can't… there's no such thing as certain…

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330W: Yeah, yeah, I know, but if I… If I'm unfollow.

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330W: for, like, next fall, right? Then I would always answer this year. And let's see, let's see how they're saying, which is that, yeah, what if I apply in the fall of… in the fall of the next day? So, 10 years from now.

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330W: They have seen my transcript for the last 2 years, but I wouldn't have to say a spring semester. Yeah, I think you could do 5 semesters. Yeah.

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330W: You really have all the credits, and then you have to decide what you're gonna do with the extra stuff. Yeah.

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330W: But it's probably useful. I think for a graduate application, they give them two years of classes, and you test out a bunch of things, so you have to kind of look through them if you have sophomore, junior, and sophom

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330W: Yeah.

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330W: Okay.

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330W: I'm 45.

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330W: Thank you.

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330W: but… But, for instance… No, you can do, you can do, like, you can do enough credit.

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330W: I'm doing 18.5, I think.

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330W: Something that's a high load, but I don't think I have that. The thing to watch, though, is if you do summer classes.

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330W: you can't usually do some research. Yeah, so… Sorry, I didn't mean to interrupt. Oh, really? Yeah, and it's not been like that for a long time.

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330W: We usually have some methods.

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330W: That's something else that you find posted about the Rutgers integration research program?

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330W: Yeah. Okay, yeah. So hopefully you hear back and offered to be a peer reviewer. Yeah, yeah. Hopefully you hear back from them soon. I can tell if they don't hear by October 1st, follow up with us.

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330W: You can simplify.

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330W: But yeah, we have a summer science program, which basically offers you on-campus housing that you can define at

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330W: You do full-time research for 10 weeks at the time.

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330W: Obviously, you have to map the project looking at.

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330W: For an event? Yeah. This is all for writing software. Okay. The only current first year, sort of boundary class do you have faculty, okay, advertising projects designed for us.

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330W: They said…

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330W: Congratulations. That's good. So that's… Yeah, on Friday, lots of people were telling me they haven't heard back yet, which is a useful update, so if you want that. That's great. Yeah, so you can do that, but you… that does not preclude you in any way from applying…

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330W: Sometimes, and we also have a lot of CPN problems, so something will be of interest.

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330W: The program on campus also is available is cycling.

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330W: and professional development curriculum, research skills, there's a whole community on the big research project, and these planning a symposium again. If that doesn't work out for you, there's something that you absolutely have to be customizable.

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330W: That's running right now towards peace supply last March, April, and…

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330W: There, there are more projects, because it's…

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330W: It's more scalable. Basically, that's just, you get course credit, you get 5 credit personnel in the program, you get the same professional development.

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330W: Yeah, it's true, but…

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330W: But if you're saying, wherever you're listening.

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330W: Why, Chris, different.

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330W: Well, one is better, another one is…

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330W: They're like, well, yes, I'm… One is, one is pickup, but the other.

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330W: I'm, like, looking forward over that. Oh, now I'm cooking my meat.

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330W: So, like, if it's less than 5 decodes, then blog is 250 code and content is…

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330W: Yeah, yeah, that's… you've got better computers and better data sets. It's a lot easier, right? All is good, and people can hear you, and…

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330W: Good group.

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330W: Hi, boss. Huh? There's no white, slides on the back. Oh, yeah.

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330W: Okay, alright. Hi, how are you doing? Okay, yeah, yeah, yeah. Which is fine. If you start getting better?

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330W: Yeah, it's pretty basic. Yes.

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330W: Do you see a place of death?

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330W: No, no, no, I am not.

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330W: Okay, thank you so much, thank you, and have a good day.

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330W: All right.

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330W: Sam introducing this week's speaker, let me,

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330W: Briefly mention about next week's speaker.

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330W: should be Vitaly Pozderov, who's going to tell us about soft electronics and the challenges

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330W: of understanding them and developing them for new technologies, such as solar panels and FPTs and flexible electronics. So, please come next week and hear more about this. In the meantime, here is San to introduce this week's speaker. Thank you. You just advertised.

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330W: So, my pleasure to introduce, one of my colleagues.

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330W: Chun Oak!

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330W: So, this, pronunciation… I know the genuine pronunciation, or some shit.

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330W: Or some shit.

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330W: Anyway, don't call it.

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330W: He does something for a quick ambigu.

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330W: MBE growth. So, the molecular being epitome. MBE.

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330W: This technique, MDD.

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330W: was developed at Perlapse.

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330W: By this fellow.

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330W: And… Chong.

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330W: late 60s, this technique was developed. So with this MBE technique, one can grow layered by leil of any materials.

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330W: Synchromon like a silicone.

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330W: or help us come with your step, Sean will discuss today.

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330W: So, this NBE, again, discovered that the head.

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330W: Now, there are two scientists.

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330W: in New Jersey.

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330W: continuing this, MB technique and very quick science.

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330W: Poop peop-poo.

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330W: One is, Lauren Pfeiffer.

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330W: at Princeton?

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330W: who is a pretty boring person. He has worked on only one more two years, last 50 years.

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330W: Gallium, arsenal. Olive.

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330W: As far as Gilman.

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330W: Okay, so Chandra screen… That's why it works. Much more exciting systems. He's gonna tell us.

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330W: Today. So, Sean has this interesting background.

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330W: He was, Air Force.

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330W: Korean Air Force officer.

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330W: You did.

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330W: with your radarist.

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330W: That's the word. He did the Air Force, so he knows everything about River.

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330W: Can't we fly? I cannot lie, but, maybe he pulled up by now.

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330W: And then he learned this NBE technique.

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330W: at UIUC from, Jim Extend.

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330W: Another, famous person for NBE growth.

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330W: That's UI, you see. So, Seong did… Phd, with ZMaxton.

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330W: And after that, he did postdoc at… This, yes, yes. Border.

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330W: So, there was, 2004 until 2007.

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330W: So that time… It was pretty early on.

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330W: on quantum computers.

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330W: So, he was trying to enhance quantum, so-called quantum computers by improving materials quality.

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330W: for quantum computers.

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330W: And then he came, Rakuten…

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330W: 7. You hear that he developed this Chakosnite MBE Phillip.

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330W: So I caused that.

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330W: you know what? Typosonite means. Typoson means, things like, sulfur, including oxygen, actually. Oxygen and cylind and helic. So, charcoal means, those, selenium and fluid. So, charcoalzonite, that's what he has been working on.

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330W: You know what Chakhal means.

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330W: Chapel.

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330W: with C-H-A-N, not R. C-H-A-N, turquo.

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330W: Chang call tonight. Chong Koup means, actually, it's a couple.

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330W: Copper, or copper ore, is for the Chartless Greek ores.

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330W: But anyway, so, in the beginning, he has been working on the same growth over Jak Pozner, especially in Somalar.

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330W: proposed color materials. Basically, he developed the oxide and bean.

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330W: So he combined this.

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330W: Oxide and charcoal, like telluride and selenide.

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330W: And, with that background. So, he's gonna tell us about interface engineer Somal is going to put them with yours today.

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330W: Okay, good. Thank you. Thank you, Sam. Okay.

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330W: Yeah, okay, so basically, this is a pretty much an overview of what I did over… since 2007, pretty much. So, yeah, a lot of things, but particularly I wanted to extract something, those exciting ones, from those last 19 years, and mostly since 19… probably 2010.

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330W: And so, this is the, yeah, the MBE system, what, what Sam talked about, so…

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330W: Yeah, even the tricogen, right? Okay, so, yeah, so depending on how you define trichogen, so it may include oxygen or not, but so practically, okay, yeah, it may include oxygen, but usually people distinguish tricogen and oxygen, so we… we usually don't mix.

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330W: Usually, but anyhow, initially, this is a Chakhalian NB system.

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330W: I built, and then later on, I added this oxide NV system, and then now I'm… so we use that… I use that two as two separate systems, but I'm in the middle of somehow combining the charcojan oxygen together for a new family of something called oxy-charcogenides, but that's not part of the talk today.

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330W: So… so this was sort of… the system was developed since 2007, and pretty much completed around 2020-ish, and then…

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330W: So, over the past, this 19 years, okay, many of them are, okay, so I listed the people who are sort of involved here in this, this… okay, the name of my lab, I sort of, named it, like, Quantum Meta Engineer Lab.

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330W: And, oh, this was taken last year, so… so not fully updated, but pretty much sort of the current members of the group, and this is the,

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330W: previous… the historical, members of the group. So, all these people have contributed, basically, to the works I'm going to talk about today. And then there are many other, contributors, actually. So, from within Rutgers and outside Rutgers, yeah.

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330W: Okay, this is the very simplest diagram of this molecular web taxi. So it is, in principle, very, some people call it

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330W: mega bulk epitaxi sometimes? Million dollar, million buck, million dollar buck, mega apotaxi, sometimes.

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330W: Okay? But the, the concept is relatively simple, because, you have just very, this, each of them, okay, we have many of these, but each of these is just a well, thermally well-controlled heater.

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330W: Just…

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330W: just, you control temperature very well using something called PID control. PID control is, by the way, behind all those, the, all those autonomous, robots and vehicles, all those things use PID control. So the same PID control, we use it to control the temperature, not the mechanical motion.

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330W: That controls that, so that's how we stabilize the flux. And then you have just shutters, mechanical shutters. And so if, in principle, if you know the flux, how much it is coming out, and you control the time.

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330W: close and open, then you can control, then, exactly something, because it depends on how you will control it, but we typically, let's say, grow in a typical rate, we grow, 1 nanometer, or 10 angstroms per minute, couple of minutes.

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330W: So, basically, we control… at some seconds, you can control the growth of angstrom level of some growth.

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330W: in a matter of 10 seconds or seconds. So that's how we… we can control the exact thickness of one or the other. You share one and the other, and you can introduce oxygen, or various gases. That's how we can control everything within… while you are… while you are never free from thermodynamics, but you still rely on this, controlling between kinetics and thermodynamics, and then

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330W: Trying to build new maturity.

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330W: Question? How low is the pressure, and how long is the mean free path of an atom inside your chamber? Sure, sure, sure. Yeah, so if you, let's say, the typical pressure is 10 to the minus… the base pressure is something 10 to the mines tend toward.

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330W: But if we use it, let's say, introduce oxygen, we can… we introduce oxygen, and then the oxygen pressure can be 10 to the minus 6 total, or 10 to the minus 5 total.

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330W: Then, if it is 10 to the minus 6, if it is 10 to the minus 5 tor, let's say oxygen, you know, to make oxide, then still the mean-free path is longer than the chamber size. It's about… if you are about 10 to the 10 to the minus 5 tor, then your mean-free path is roughly…

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330W: About the slightly larger than the size of the chamber.

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330W: That's why we are trying to not… we intend not to go above 10 to the minus something to the 5 total.

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330W: Yeah, that's sort of the limit. So, a quick question. Can you rotate the sample and heat it up at the same time? Yeah, we're rotating the sample, and you know, that's… yeah, you don't have… yeah, if you rotate it, you get more uniform, uniform sample. Yeah, that… everything is, yes, it's possible, depending on what you want. Yes, usually we rotate, you know, to get…

226
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330W: Uniform films, but if you want to really watch exactly what's going on, then we don't rotate.

227
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330W: So if you know… if you know pretty well, then we get… we rotate, so it's depending on what we want, yeah.

228
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330W: Questions?

229
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330W: So, this rotation…

230
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330W: induce any kind of a rotational preference? Yeah, it could, yes, definitely it could. We never studied it very carefully, but I believe it does. But then, we didn't study carefully, yes, definitely. Yes. Having a certain broken system. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Some people call this a federal X-share system. So technically, you're supposed to have clockwise domains. Yeah, yeah, sure, sure.

231
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330W: For sure, yes. Yeah, honey, that should be a very interesting. Yeah, I believe that's not a problem well-study, but definitely it is actually a very interesting subject, definitely, if you have time. Yeah, there are so many problems, so yeah, that's why your time is limited, so we don't study that, but I always have that in mind, but we never really studied that direction very carefully. Definitely rotate one way, or the other A. I don't think even

232
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330W: the universe is somehow rotating entirely this way, that way, that may be responsible for one chirality over the other, maybe. So basically, any kind of rotation, right? This is the whole universe.

233
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330W: So, so maybe, yeah, definitely, definitely. Also, another very important thing is, the very, the big difference between… okay, even if it looks sort of rather simple.

234
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330W: in diagram, there's a very big difference between this growth method from any other growth method, is we watch while we're growing. So, this is very important. This electron diffraction, we watch at the glancing angle, we shine electron beam, and the watch is diffraction. So, we live in…

235
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330W: When we are growing in our lab, we live in the k-space of electrons all the time.

236
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330W: we watch what's happening in case. So, that's a big difference, because usually when you make material, you just make it, and then somehow you do the diffraction study later on, but in our case, we watch while we were growing, so we know exactly what's going on. The difference is now, the matter is how you convert this diffraction.

237
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330W: into the K space, into real space in your brain. That's the difference of how well trained your AI model is.

238
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330W: Yeah, if you're well-trained, so your brain is well-trained, then you can convert it very well. By looking at the read patterns, you can now picture what the real space image is, but if you're

239
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330W: brain is not well trained, then yes, your interpretation can be way off. But basically, we are training every day. I'm training my brain every day, so it's accumulated every day.

240
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330W: So always, whenever we grow new samples, I'm training new on new data. So, in the future, maybe there's some super good AI, then that AI may be able to now… we may be able to use that robot.

241
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330W: AI to train all those, maybe they can… it can become somewhat super, super intelligent role, maybe in some future.

242
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330W: Okay.

243
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330W: Okay, so I, I, so, it's divided into three, three subjects, so that's also, roughly, it goes with the time sequence. So, initially, I focused on two topological insulators, and then…

244
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330W: After I sort of, sort of,

245
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330W: reaches some level, I moved on to magnetic topological matter, and then, more lately, I moved on to sporadic topical matter. So these are sort of both, complexity and also in terms of time sequence, that's how we develop, so I'll go over one after the other.

246
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330W: So the first mature system was, like, insulators. The metal and insulator, so in, let's say, in… from simple, if you ask anybody, what is metal and what is insulators? Probably the first thing is, oh, okay, current flows metal, that's metal.

247
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330W: current doesn't flow, well, then, if the current doesn't flow at all, that's insulated. That's what usually anybody, if you ask anybody, that's how they will respond. But from physicists, physicists, physicists, the difference between physicists and, let's say, chemists or other people are

248
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330W: He doesn't love, T-Space.

249
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330W: Yeah, we love momentum space, right? So… so we… we draw energy versus momentum, so this is a band structure, so then, from Phillip's point of view, if so, yeah, this is, with the… the highest level the electron occupies, if at that level, if there's a state, this is our state, then it's a metal.

250
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330W: And at the formula level, if there's no state, that's the end slavery. Basically, if there's… that's the exchange state. If there's no level, there's no extended state. So that's… that's the physicist's view of what matter and slavery is. That's how it was all the time.

251
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330W: However, one very important thing is.

252
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330W: This is just a bulk.

253
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330W: bulk stick, bulk band diagram, oh, okay, so metal, and insulate this with bulk band diagram. But one thing, okay, usually people haven't…

254
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330W: discussed much, or paid much attention, was there's always a surface state, all the time. Any material at the surface is different from the bulk at surface. And then you always have surface state.

255
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330W: But the thing was, in 2000, around 2006, around that time, people realized that you can have… you have two different types of surface states.

256
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330W: One is, you have surface state, but there still is a gap in the surface state, but another… but you can have surface state where, this… this lives on the surface, but there's no gap at all, so that means

257
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330W: The bulk is insulator, can be insulated, but the surface, there's no gap at all, then surface should be always

258
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330W: then surface should be always metallic, then you have all these metallic surface states. That is the… that is the birth of the concept of topological insulator. So, insulating the bulb, but conducting the metallic surface states.

259
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330W: But the important point is.

260
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330W: it is not the band… it is not the band diagram. What's important is where the formal level is, because even if normally you have the same band structure, if the formal level is in the… is above this conduction band, then it is a matter. But if it is here, then it is insulated, so it's… it's a matter of where the Fermal level is. That's… that's very important.

261
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330W: Okay, because let's say if you take an ideal, let's say, there's a… people have discovered this… this… it first developed as a… as a theoretically, but soon.

262
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330W: So we realized that, okay, people found some duplicate insulators.

263
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330W: And then… but if it's ideal, then the formula level, this resurface state and the formula level should be a so-called Dirac point. It should be… that's the ideal case.

264
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330W: What real topical materials, like bismuth, selenium, bismuth, tellurium, antimony, they run, they're real, topical insulators, then they are composed of something called a quintoplayer, these five layers of selenium, bismuth, selenium, bismuth, selenium, this kind of counter-layer.

265
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330W: In real mature, the thing is, the selenium has bondings so weak, so you can easily have selenium vacancies. That selenium vacancies work as an antidopin, and the ferment level now moves off. So, this is something called angry results photo emission spectroscopy.

266
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330W: So, yeah, you can see that they look very similar, okay? Left and right, this is just a schematic diagram. This is the real data from our pest.

267
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330W: then this is the formula, so you can see that Huh?

268
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330W: Oh…

269
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330W: French?

270
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330W: This power of power.

271
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330W: Pardon? No.

272
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330W: There's no power here?

273
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330W: Oh my god.

274
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330W: Oh, now it is, oh.

275
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330W: Yeah, there's a couple of plugs. A couple of the plugs don't work. Oh, shoot! Oh my god. Oh, shoot.

276
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330W: No, no, no, now he's on, he's on. No, no, now he's working. Yeah, now he's working. Now he's working.

277
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330W: Okay, okay, it's fine.

278
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330W: Nope. It's useful.

279
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330W: J.

280
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330W: Is this on, but not yet?

281
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330W: Should,

282
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330W: Any questions?

283
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330W: I have a question. So, with the, with the eels, sorry, the, Erica… Read? Read. Read, read.

284
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330W: Like, do you feedback… how do you feedback on that, like, layer-by-layer information?

285
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330W: No, we, we just… that's just simply your eye. There's no… there's no feedback. You just watch.

286
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330W: Yeah, it's like driving. Exactly the same as driving, right? But you're not, like, adjusting based on… No, no, we adjust. You adjust yourself. Because it's exactly the same as driving. You can be a full self-driving. Yeah, okay. Okay, the way, because initially, the way it is, is the way we normally do.

287
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330W: Easy is like this.

288
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330W: So, because, every time, things can be different. If it grows well, then you, you can do auto, auto run.

289
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330W: Boom!

290
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330W: you let it go, then automatically it does everything. Initially, if you do not know, if you do the growth for the first time.

291
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330W: then you do not know how it goes. In that case, you do not do auto control… auto run.

292
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330W: you don't have to increase control. So, in that case, And what's the depth, that was sunscreen.

293
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330W: Oh, it's almost like a… actually, about one… I would say one nanometer?

294
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330W: Yeah, it's real, really thick, about 1 nanometer. Okay, so you can see that… yeah.

295
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330W: oscillations.

296
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330W: Yeah, so, so it's,

297
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330W: Yeah, so… so because of that, you can… if you grow one… because usually the one unit cell, one nanometer is the minimum building block for bismos selenite.

298
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330W: So, if you have just one nanimate, then immediately you can see the difference. You can see you're already even about even some angstrom level already, but about one nanometer, then you're completely covered.

299
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330W: Yeah.

300
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330W: Okay.

301
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330W: Oh, but, okay, we realized, okay, this is in case you have defects everywhere, that's the picture, but we soon realized, as we started this.

302
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330W: realized that most of the defects, in fact, were actually… sure, there are defects between each of these… these so-called… the van der Waals layers, the selenium, these are a dark line is where the selenium-to-cellane bonding is.

303
00:21:08.040 --> 00:21:13.480
330W: We realized that most of the defects are, in fact, confined to the actual substrate interface.

304
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330W: Or the sample-to-vec or air interface.

305
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330W: Because regardless of how you grow, Yeah, so pretty much…

306
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330W: When the film is seen, your defect density, or… also, another thing is, because of the,

307
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330W: topological, character.

308
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330W: Every, every cell in vacancy works as a dopent. It's, like, basically mobile dopants. That's a big difference. That's very different from something like silicon. Silicon, people talk about traps. There are no traps here. Every salient vacancy works as just, mobile… contributes mobile carriage. So…

309
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330W: Because of that, so is this usually step-mediated growth?

310
00:21:56.790 --> 00:22:08.410
330W: That you're looking at? No, no, it's Vanderbos. So, Vanderbos is there, so there's no… it covers like a… like a blanket, or yeah, there's no something, because is Vandevos Bundy?

311
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330W: So, it can grow even on, let's say, on glass, actually, on completely amorphous glass. Yeah, there's input underneath, but…

312
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330W: Our plane is just almost perfectly… you have just one… this… this selenium bundles button covers everywhere, and then seed direction, it grows very nicely, but you may have it in plane randomly, if you grow it on glass amorphous material.

313
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330W: So do… yeah.

314
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330W: So, we realized that the, yeah, it's all… everything, almost dominant, we are not saying there are no defects, but you are dominated by these interfacial defects.

315
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330W: So the inter… it looks like your surface defect saturated 10 to 30%. Yes, yes, yes, you're right. All the way up to 8% mismatch instead. Yes, that's right. Always. Can you go the other way?

316
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330W: The minimum? Yes. Yeah, basically, yes, exactly. Okay. Yes, that's right, exactly. So, you are dominated by whatever, because the thing is, it is not just, because you are… they come from selenium defects, selling vacancies.

317
00:23:09.460 --> 00:23:13.550
330W: In order to avoid selling vacancy, you need something selenium.

318
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330W: not just ledge matching, you need, chemically, the bottom layer, you also selenium, goods, las matching together.

319
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330W: So all these are, okay, just oxide, let's drop to maybe similar, okay, bismos II, selenium 3, aluminum 2, oxygen 3, they may be similar, yes? Sure, that's why I would say aluminum oxide is one of the best substrates we are using, but still chemically very different.

320
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330W: You can have certain vacancies. These are even structurally all different. Less matching is just one, because less matching has this and this both look pretty good, but that's not… that's not all. Less matching does not care about the chemical matching, but what matters is chemical matching.

321
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330W: So, we realized that bismos in Indium sideline is the best, actually. We looked through it, Indium said, also, you know, to have good lens matching, we sort of mixed business indium, and then to get the best, actually, lens matching, and… and also Indium Sedana doesn't actually use this as a commercial substrate. So, we found this.

322
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330W: And then… oh gosh, and then eventually, yes, how we grow… because you have to grow something called buffer layer. Buffer… yeah, if people have come yesterday in Daryl Shalom's talk, buffer layer, the bridge layer is very important.

323
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330W: That's somehow… because how well you do this transition from your substrate… because substrate is always something you can easily make, but the film you want to make is usually… you cannot easily make.

324
00:24:33.550 --> 00:24:41.320
330W: So it's something unique. Then, especially for top-like insulators, the interface is the key. How you remove those interface defects.

325
00:24:41.980 --> 00:24:43.670
330W: Okay, so it's a… yeah, okay.

326
00:24:44.080 --> 00:24:52.530
330W: then there are, okay, how you grow indium selena. Okay, this is something I talked about some… many years ago, but maybe briefly, if I repeat it again.

327
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330W: Indium selenide does not grow well on sapphire.

328
00:24:57.520 --> 00:24:59.620
330W: Indonesia has many phases.

329
00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:12.750
330W: Bismosalina has only one phase. Bismuth leila grows well on sapphire, except for the interfacial layer, but Indium salon, if you try to grow it on sapphire, you have 3 different phases.

330
00:25:12.900 --> 00:25:16.419
330W: It's quite random. It's very bad. But…

331
00:25:16.810 --> 00:25:27.299
330W: Indium selenide grows well on bismos selenide. That particular Indium salonite follows that particular structure, followed by that bismoslan. Bismoslan has only one structure.

332
00:25:27.560 --> 00:25:30.289
330W: So, you grow business AI first.

333
00:25:30.520 --> 00:25:46.249
330W: And then you grow indium cellulite, then that indium cellulite follows that well-defined space, which is… which is equivalent to that identical cell line structure. But you have this… the interfacial, bad, disordered interfacial layer, you heat it up.

334
00:25:46.260 --> 00:26:00.589
330W: then that bad bismosalina evaporates away, then you have very, very nice Indian selenite, well-ordered induce cellular structure, and then you grow, yeah, this, the rest of the bismosatellite. That's how we eliminate the interfacial disorder.

335
00:26:00.680 --> 00:26:10.980
330W: When we try this, the formula level has dropped from, let's say, this is how we started, where we started. If you grow it, you get 3 times 10 to 13. That's always the number you get almost all the time.

336
00:26:11.140 --> 00:26:17.439
330W: No matter what, you… this is… the range does not change much. Always 3 times 10 to 13, 4 times 10 to 13, around there.

337
00:26:17.760 --> 00:26:19.340
330W: Always have value.

338
00:26:19.570 --> 00:26:26.159
330W: But through this, once you do this, use this, virtual substrate business ally.

339
00:26:26.880 --> 00:26:38.489
330W: Yeah, former level drops, yeah, down to this, this much, about 50 millEv level, and something, like, low 10 to the 12th per square centimeter, about, about 20 times or something.

340
00:26:39.680 --> 00:26:56.559
330W: Okay, and then once you do that, okay, now, yes, when the formula is very low, then we were able to now observe, okay, the quantum Hall effect first. Yeah, formula level is, okay, curve density is 7 by 10 to the 11. Okay, look at this. 3 times 10 to the 13 is the number.

341
00:26:57.040 --> 00:27:03.480
330W: It's about… what, 30 times smaller, or something like that? Or, yeah, more than 30, 40, or 50 times.

342
00:27:03.950 --> 00:27:04.940
330W: Smaller.

343
00:27:05.060 --> 00:27:06.540
330W: And then…

344
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330W: Okay, the quantum Hall effect was observed, and then, okay, well, quantum hole effect is, you said, okay, quantum Hall effect is observed in many spiritual systems, so it's not such a very big deal.

345
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330W: But, okay, sure, even if this is the first time observing in bismus science and films. But one other more big deal was, there's something called this quantized Faraday interpretation, which was predicted for bismuth top-line insulators for many years.

346
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330W: But eventually, when we made this very low, firm-level, business themed films, my collaborators, Peter Armitage in Johns Hopkins, they were able to observe this quantized affiliate and co-rotations, and so that, that was a pretty big deal at that time.

347
00:27:47.220 --> 00:27:59.909
330W: So, I understand mock case, Faraday case, you have to do transmission, so that you need to support the sample, but coal is a reflection, so that it won't work.

348
00:28:00.280 --> 00:28:01.360
330W: should work.

349
00:28:01.970 --> 00:28:22.010
330W: Okay, in principle, actually, yes, in principle, you're right, you're right. If you don't see the bottom, but then the top surface should also… formula level should be low. So, I think Peter Amitai really did something on samples from using very low carry density bulk crystals, not piecemeal salon, right?

350
00:28:22.010 --> 00:28:29.269
330W: But because all this… your top surface is also very… it has also very high form level, a high, high defects on the top surface.

351
00:28:29.270 --> 00:28:37.080
330W: So, he got some samples from, from Burkhava, some business, some, some Intimid certified or something.

352
00:28:37.220 --> 00:28:50.900
330W: And he said, but I don't know how good it is. He was doing something, I don't know exactly what's the status. Not, not as good as this. He may have got something. He may have got something. Because now, because he penetrated a lot.

353
00:28:51.290 --> 00:28:57.869
330W: Because, because now, even if the top surface, each of them may be small, but now you add up all this bulk.

354
00:28:58.380 --> 00:29:03.250
330W: Everything add up, then maybe they may add or something.

355
00:29:03.350 --> 00:29:18.870
330W: Because in thin films, at least, it is only dominate by your… your bulk is so small. What if the surface formula dominates? So… so maybe. Anyhow, so he didn't get as good results there. He did something, I'm not sure exactly how… how… what he got.

356
00:29:19.430 --> 00:29:28.180
330W: Sorry, what temperature is? Oh, this is, this measurement? Yeah, yeah, this is 4 point, yeah? Yeah, 4.5 Kelvin.

357
00:29:29.820 --> 00:29:30.580
330W: Yes.

358
00:29:32.070 --> 00:29:32.940
330W: Okay.

359
00:29:32.940 --> 00:29:54.230
330W: And also, the bismuth selenide film was always anti, but once we suppressed the interfacial defect, then we were able to reach also P-type as well. But P-type, there's no, there's no quantum Hall effect. That's, like, intrinsic to the, to bismus salonite, because bismos selenite, the p-type, we have an overlap with the bulk valence band.

360
00:29:54.510 --> 00:30:03.899
330W: So, so intrinsically, there's no, there's no… you cannot access the, reach the quantum mode region for the p-tape. So that was intrinsic to be some satellite.

361
00:30:03.920 --> 00:30:16.439
330W: Okay, but that was sort of expected, but no one able to… no one is able to reach it, but when it reaches it, yes, there's no… this is sort of expected. There's common effect on the N-type, but no common people. Can you make a PN junction on all this?

362
00:30:16.580 --> 00:30:35.999
330W: Probably, yeah, okay, sure, sure, yes, yes, yes, people have, yeah, but not, not, we, we didn't do anything special, but people have done, not with bismus alumni, but, for example, bismus, Antimony teri, they came at PNN, yeah, people have done something. Yeah, yes, people can. John, I just wanted to ask, what are the axes on these plots?

363
00:30:36.070 --> 00:30:39.570
330W: Oh, okay. The horizontal plot is Maynard Field.

364
00:30:40.190 --> 00:30:43.370
330W: And the vertical is this whole RXY hole effect.

365
00:30:43.990 --> 00:30:54.250
330W: Whole effects versus mainly field, each of them. Whole effect versus maintenance field. So, so, okay, so for example, this is whole effect of magnitude field. Regular whole effect is a straight line.

366
00:30:54.920 --> 00:31:00.549
330W: Regular Hall effect, it just rail, and that's inversely proportional to carry dusting, sheet carrier dusting.

367
00:31:00.780 --> 00:31:02.529
330W: This is just regular hall effect.

368
00:31:02.930 --> 00:31:08.589
330W: But the quantized… it reaches the quantized value when the manuscript is big. That's the quantum model effect.

369
00:31:08.960 --> 00:31:27.200
330W: Thanks. Yeah, so… so over here, okay… Yeah, that's right. This is, this is N-type, yeah. Yeah, this should have actually, this is, okay, the sign, we didn't, we didn't, okay, this should be actually, this is N-type, so it should be actually drawn this way. Yeah, this is also N-type, yeah, it should have, but we didn't, collect that, right? But…

370
00:31:27.260 --> 00:31:30.549
330W: You should be planning this way. Stroop should be this way.

371
00:31:31.190 --> 00:31:44.870
330W: So this is anti. This is anti, slow is negative. P time, slow is positive. P-type and anti. This is quantized over here. That's the E score, famous E score over A. H over E squared, or E score of H, A. Okay.

372
00:31:44.990 --> 00:31:47.580
330W: This famous devalue is gorge.

373
00:31:47.720 --> 00:31:48.450
330W: Yes.

374
00:31:48.580 --> 00:31:51.910
330W: That's exactly context. This is the fundamental constant.

375
00:31:53.680 --> 00:32:07.510
330W: Okay, but we extended now, because we pretty much mastered Bismar here. Mastered Bismar, okay, we are done. Okay, sure, someone can use this, okay. So I think we pushed the limit, we could make the best

376
00:32:07.790 --> 00:32:13.580
330W: business and films, anyone can make. Okay, so, done, done, let's move on.

377
00:32:13.830 --> 00:32:23.549
330W: Okay, antimatural… people have studied entrance a lot. So, okay, now let's apply this scheme to enter… people have studied enterprise other groups, but we didn't.

378
00:32:23.550 --> 00:32:36.430
330W: So let's apply similar scheme. Now that we developed some interfacial engineer scheme, which is, okay, something borrowing, we borrowed that from our own experience with, the business L&I.

379
00:32:36.670 --> 00:32:39.580
330W: Okay, it's a little… this is a little more complicated anyhow.

380
00:32:39.750 --> 00:32:55.210
330W: When we do this, we're able to… now, this is, okay, yeah, business LNI, it was 50 milli, electron level. Now, with this antimatter, we reach 20 milli electron level, and the carrier is 1 times 10 to 11. So, if you compare.

381
00:32:55.370 --> 00:32:57.660
330W: This is 7 times 10 to 11.

382
00:32:57.880 --> 00:32:58.660
330W: Huh?

383
00:32:58.760 --> 00:33:08.080
330W: Now, this is 1 times 10 to the 11th. This is THE minimum care desk you can average in top of insulate all this family. 1 times 10 to the 11th.

384
00:33:08.390 --> 00:33:21.970
330W: Once you reach that, now, okay, now N2Ride, you can have quantum Hall effect in both P and N-type. This is N-type quantum Hall effect, P-type quantum Hall effect. NTMLite has 4… the ZRA point is exposed.

385
00:33:22.240 --> 00:33:24.800
330W: So, it's, but still, N-type is better.

386
00:33:25.010 --> 00:33:31.229
330W: quantized anti is better than P-type. P-type, this is P-type, whole effect versus manual field.

387
00:33:31.650 --> 00:33:33.329
330W: Just don't be a Kesha involved?

388
00:33:33.490 --> 00:33:40.010
330W: Oh, okay, this is, like, titanium. Titanium. Oh, this is, yeah, yeah, okay. We need to… compensation of it.

389
00:33:40.170 --> 00:33:43.990
330W: titanium. Titanium, because this tends to be P-type.

390
00:33:44.700 --> 00:33:58.010
330W: So we wanted, we have to do… we had to do, we had to make, the titanium dopamine works as a, anti. You, you add, because titanium is 4, 4+, 4 plus, so you add electrons.

391
00:33:58.530 --> 00:34:06.700
330W: The titanium doping. Titanium works… this works… also, this works only if we suppress the interface defect, otherwise this doesn't work.

392
00:34:07.670 --> 00:34:27.379
330W: Because otherwise, in terms of the defects dominance, you can never do the titanium-dock networks. So this case also use the bridging layer of the… No, yeah, the inter… this is the bridging satellite, indium and 20 satellite is the… Yeah, it's different. Yes, it's different. What kind of abilities do you get?

393
00:34:27.440 --> 00:34:31.609
330W: Oh, okay. For the mobility, okay, the best got… we got from…

394
00:34:31.720 --> 00:34:46.159
330W: this Marcela and I was, okay, in, about… it was a little higher than, we got as high as 16… 16,000? 16,000? But the bulbage of these films are… that's… this is… but that's very fragile.

395
00:34:46.390 --> 00:34:50.099
330W: As soon as you put something on top, it drops to something below $5,000.

396
00:34:50.290 --> 00:35:00.650
330W: A few thousand. So these values, usually these are… the movement is a couple of thousand, at best, not higher than that, a couple of thousand. So movement is not very good.

397
00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:09.209
330W: Yeah, so… so this protocol protection thing, yes, that's a very good concept, but the real values, if you look at it, is not very valuable.

398
00:35:09.470 --> 00:35:28.149
330W: Surface mobility is really surface conduction mobility. Yeah, that's right. Yeah, surface mobility. The thing is this. People say that, yeah, surface is totally protective, so you should be highly mobile. The thing is, the only thing that's guaranteed is metallicity. That's the only thing guaranteed. There's no guarantee of high mobility, low mobility, it's just conducting, that's it.

399
00:35:28.630 --> 00:35:39.509
330W: It does not say anything about… about how high the movement or how low each. Simpleismat, that's it. It turns out that you have surface, then you have a lot of defects, the movement is not that high.

400
00:35:39.630 --> 00:35:46.529
330W: Yeah, so this is, this is how it is, yeah? So conceptually, people somehow sometimes confuse between

401
00:35:46.620 --> 00:36:02.070
330W: top-right protection should give high mobility, no, no. Yes. Yeah, oh, that can show, sir, that can… No, no, this material is specific to that material, we cannot control this, right? Different materials. Yeah, different material and different strobe, yes.

402
00:36:02.070 --> 00:36:07.839
330W: And specific slope, distance slope. They are not that different, yet they are sort of compost.

403
00:36:07.840 --> 00:36:11.269
330W: Yeah, they are quite similar. Similar, quite similar, not very different.

404
00:36:11.430 --> 00:36:29.019
330W: Sorry, how do you apply magnetic field after 35 Tesla? Oh, we went to… went to the high field. Yeah, yeah, sure, we cannot do it here. Yeah, so we did just once, once, once, yeah, at that time, a couple of, about once. DC, right? DC, DC, yeah, DC, yeah, yeah, yeah, so we're here at that.

405
00:36:29.110 --> 00:36:37.639
330W: So, has anybody seen fractures going with respect to these materials? No, no, probably, yeah, no, no. Probably the mobility's not high, okay, no, no.

406
00:36:39.870 --> 00:36:48.150
330W: Okay, so, by this time, pretty much we made the best N200TB films and best visual satellite films. Okay, that's it. Okay, done. Let's move on.

407
00:36:48.330 --> 00:37:08.029
330W: to now… because many people, other than us, have been working on this magnetic… magnetic supply case, actually, because of something called quantum anonymous sulfate. Because while we are busy working in business and I, or across the Pacific, in China, people have discovered this quantum monosulfate in 2013.

408
00:37:08.190 --> 00:37:11.660
330W: That's obtained from Chromebook business antimony Teller.

409
00:37:11.840 --> 00:37:16.750
330W: Okay, because, this was an antimony tailor, you can… you can tune P-type and N-type.

410
00:37:17.380 --> 00:37:35.390
330W: As well. And also, you were able to introduce, magnetism, ferromagnetism, much better. So, chromeda of business 7. So, it was 2013. Okay, so, but we were busy with business 7, okay, already they were doing it, okay, somehow. And then, but, after we sort of completed.

411
00:37:35.390 --> 00:37:40.950
330W: all sort of pretty much solve the problems in non-magnetic version. We jumped into this.

412
00:37:40.950 --> 00:37:46.599
330W: Okay, let's see whether we can do anything better than other people. They've already worked on, for a long time.

413
00:37:46.690 --> 00:37:54.170
330W: Okay, and then, okay, we worked really hard and see whether we can do anything better, and it turns out, actually, yes, we were able to do better.

414
00:37:54.550 --> 00:38:06.449
330W: So, in fact, okay, so we were actually… so already by this time, around 2000s, already people have all those groups other working on topical, these climb salt systems. Yeah, they've done a bunch of this and a lot of things.

415
00:38:07.080 --> 00:38:18.150
330W: But still, we were… we showed that we could… we could actually enhance the… the… the, quantum horizontal effect, because at that time, this was all observed at below 100 millie Kelvin.

416
00:38:18.690 --> 00:38:24.420
330W: So we were able to observe this quantum monosals, and somehow the signatures quantum monosol effect

417
00:38:24.450 --> 00:38:38.900
330W: SI is something like 10 Kelvin. Yeah, this is exactly how you define the… there's no… there's nothing like TC in quantum solid effect, unlike superconductivity, so the exact definition of TC is a little… you cannot define TC,

418
00:38:38.950 --> 00:38:57.379
330W: But you can, so, but you can, at least qualitatively see that, about 10 Kelvin, yeah, we can still see the quantum Ranshole effect, not fully quantized, about 10 Kelvin, which is… this is, this is sort of the highest temperature quantum Ranshole effect, actually. Is it because,

419
00:38:57.380 --> 00:39:05.100
330W: Phillip and TC is higher. That's also one thing, yes. That's not the only thing, yes. We were able to increase the Phillip and TC, yes.

420
00:39:05.100 --> 00:39:06.790
330W: But not by doping.

421
00:39:07.370 --> 00:39:13.179
330W: Alone. Because usually other people, you dope it, but that drops you into this more disorder.

422
00:39:13.900 --> 00:39:21.319
330W: It goes together. What the way we were able to do it in AIC further was we used a chrome oxide capping layer.

423
00:39:21.920 --> 00:39:30.230
330W: chromoside capping layer, amorphous chromoside capping layer. That chromoside capping layer turns out to behave like pheromone in an electro interface.

424
00:39:32.170 --> 00:39:39.710
330W: That's… normally. I'm not supposed to come outside is just random, there's not anti-framing at all.

425
00:39:39.900 --> 00:39:44.649
330W: this chrome oxide is anti-ferminated. However, right at the interface.

426
00:39:45.130 --> 00:39:48.470
330W: It's about inancy experiment at this interface.

427
00:39:49.260 --> 00:39:55.299
330W: Exactly that, then we're done, like I said, maybe right after the interview, maybe ferromagnetic, clear. Could be.

428
00:39:55.680 --> 00:39:59.580
330W: Could be. Agency is higher. We don't have the exact mechanism.

429
00:40:00.090 --> 00:40:12.099
330W: But that… that in nature is TC, without… without the need, because in order to achieve this high ferminate TC, you have to introduce a lot of chromium into… chrome doping.

430
00:40:12.340 --> 00:40:16.809
330W: Into this. Then it's so disordered, quantum or so, the TC drops.

431
00:40:17.020 --> 00:40:27.169
330W: So we were able to reach this… this 90 Kelvin is pretty high, because although people usually get something like 30 Kelvin, or something. The PST dope is also chromium?

432
00:40:27.590 --> 00:40:38.289
330W: BSD, yes, this is BSD, bismuth antimony tabloid, and chromium is to… yes, chromium, yes, yes, we have the same chromium. That's it. That's why we use chromoside.

433
00:40:38.970 --> 00:40:40.809
330W: Chromium is what people use.

434
00:40:40.940 --> 00:40:42.170
330W: Chromium dot.

435
00:40:42.340 --> 00:40:45.599
330W: So, and then we use a chromium oxide capping.

436
00:40:46.660 --> 00:40:48.519
330W: So that you have the same chromium.

437
00:40:49.130 --> 00:40:53.329
330W: So every little thing matters, and most of you use a Chromium as a buffer layer.

438
00:40:53.550 --> 00:41:07.110
330W: Everything's chromium. O2 is a ferromagnetic, but… That's true. No, no, it's not chromium, no, he's not a ferromagnetic, no, no. Right at the interface. Interface, it just helps. That little bit, it just helps a little bit.

439
00:41:07.370 --> 00:41:17.489
330W: not the entire thing chromoside, I don't think the entire chromoside is amorphic, it's not… it's not really ferromagnetic, only so on. But you are, like, helping each other, right? Only so chromoside is not ferromagnetic.

440
00:41:17.690 --> 00:41:26.970
330W: But Chrome PSD is ferromagnetic, and they have Neighbor. Never helps. There's no real intuition, it's just a random eustromagnetic. It's not really random.

441
00:41:27.380 --> 00:41:30.550
330W: No, random, random, random, because this is their intrusion.

442
00:41:30.820 --> 00:41:34.989
330W: What is the chrome, there's a chrome, this is a magnetic system.

443
00:41:35.570 --> 00:41:42.149
330W: outside, right? Itself is not ordered. However, there's chromium in it, there's magnetic moment.

444
00:41:42.630 --> 00:41:46.739
330W: So, if you have ordered chromosa, that main moment will order together.

445
00:41:47.250 --> 00:42:05.799
330W: Yeah, then they can enhance without really going into it. So, this is, yeah, you cannot prove it, really, but we have intuition, you try it, and then sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't. But that's easily enough, so… It's completely insane. Yes, it is. Was that the previous slide?

446
00:42:06.330 --> 00:42:15.759
330W: So… so you kind of, so the two papers came out, right? You actually came out before the… No, no, this is the… this is review, review, review. This perspective.

447
00:42:16.040 --> 00:42:21.950
330W: perspective. Oh, they did it on the same issue. I wrote a perspective.

448
00:42:22.210 --> 00:42:24.540
330W: Your data, okay. No, no, this is not my data.

449
00:42:24.750 --> 00:42:38.439
330W: This is just, I wrote, I reviewed the paper, I was a reference. They asked me to write a review, a perspective, I wrote it. I praised. You explained what they did. Yeah, I explained what they did. Yeah, I explained what they did. Okay.

450
00:42:38.750 --> 00:42:45.280
330W: I was not competing with them at that time, because I was not working on this system at this time. So the editor asked me to write a…

451
00:42:45.400 --> 00:42:59.080
330W: perspective, ironically, yeah, flow, okay? And then, but, but, oh, okay, somehow, I was not working on this, so… but later on, we jumped in in 2000… we jumped in about 2021, 2000… around that time, 21, 22, very late.

452
00:42:59.230 --> 00:43:04.910
330W: Bailey. So, probably most people think, okay, now it's already, whatever could be done, already done.

453
00:43:05.100 --> 00:43:09.139
330W: Okay, but I thought that, okay, we have some interior other people don't have.

454
00:43:09.540 --> 00:43:11.340
330W: That's why I tried to retract.

455
00:43:11.450 --> 00:43:18.349
330W: And then, okay, somehow, nothing is guaranteed, but we were able to at least make some… some contributions no one was able to do.

456
00:43:19.350 --> 00:43:20.300
330W: Okay.

457
00:43:20.700 --> 00:43:36.630
330W: And then… and then, okay, so, and then, okay, now we've moved on to, like, different material system. This is actually… this is not real quantum, this is actually so-called anti-ferminating, antiferminating topological insulator system.

458
00:43:37.750 --> 00:43:44.100
330W: And, what is known is mangoes tellurio and Bismuth tellerion 1, that's actually what exists in the bulk.

459
00:43:44.280 --> 00:43:54.749
330W: But we wanted to see… this is known to be anti-family insulator, so we wanted to see what happens if you keep inserting more and more bismos terabyt later.

460
00:43:55.140 --> 00:44:13.689
330W: inserting. Then you are… because when Bengal steroid is right next to each other, they couple anti-ferromagnetically. So if you keep squeezing bismoceroid in, in, in, in, how will they behave? Because will Bengal steroid behave, like, ferromagnetically or anti-ferromagnetically? At least the prediction was, if you separate it, they switch from

461
00:44:13.690 --> 00:44:15.460
330W: Anti-framing coupling.

462
00:44:15.460 --> 00:44:27.680
330W: And then pheromatic couple. And then if you keep, then what'll happen? Is the ferromagnetism will be there all the time, even if you are… you separate forever, forever? Okay, that was okay. That was, not known.

463
00:44:27.750 --> 00:44:29.990
330W: So, okay, we decided to what happens?

464
00:44:30.120 --> 00:44:44.459
330W: Squeeze in, in, in, and then. Okay, this is… inversely simple. In reality, yes, it's, nothing is trivial. You have to… because you can have a lot of interdiffusion, even if you put it in, yes, things don't work as easy, as I said.

465
00:44:44.460 --> 00:44:51.090
330W: But eventually, we were able to squeeze in as many layers as we want, eventually. Worked really hard.

466
00:44:51.310 --> 00:44:53.729
330W: And, yes, we squeeze you in.

467
00:44:54.700 --> 00:45:01.399
330W: We squeeze the N, then in the end, we squeeze the… how many? We squeeze in as many as n equals 15.

468
00:45:01.540 --> 00:45:02.700
330W: You squeezed in.

469
00:45:02.860 --> 00:45:06.770
330W: So, okay, okay, we showed that this is actually, this is 9.

470
00:45:06.900 --> 00:45:08.000
330W: Because,

471
00:45:08.240 --> 00:45:15.970
330W: Yeah, there's any call. Whisk is in any call, 50 up to n equal 50. So this must have rescues in one business must have, right?

472
00:45:16.170 --> 00:45:33.500
330W: If you have one bismutheran, that's the so-called mangoes tailored, one bismutheran, that's the so-called 1 to 4, system, which is actually anti-ferromagnetic, which is shown to be anti-ferromagnetic, top-line insulator, anti-ferromagnetic. But we squeeze in more and more ends.

473
00:45:33.670 --> 00:45:37.129
330W: business arrived. Then what happens was, initially, this is…

474
00:45:37.320 --> 00:45:52.999
330W: This is, anti-ferment, you know, okay, the shape is strange, but it's like a Batman here, right? Batman here. We call it Batman here. This man, N, come on. N equals 2. Yeah, Batman here sort of disappears, we have some weird shape, okay, somehow. N equals 3.

475
00:45:53.110 --> 00:46:01.150
330W: N equals 5. Then, yeah, you also see, okay, here's just appears in n equal 2, you start seeing, this is actually

476
00:46:01.620 --> 00:46:08.619
330W: Rxy, RXY. means, basically, you have, some pheromagnetism.

477
00:46:08.840 --> 00:46:21.489
330W: N equals 3, n equal 5. So, once you go above n equal 3, somehow they look like a fermenting system, yeah? So… so basically, when it's very next to each other, they're anti-ferromatic, they squeeze in 2-layer, 3-layer.

478
00:46:21.620 --> 00:46:26.439
330W: And after that, it becomes ferromagnetic. But if you keep squeezing in, what's interesting was.

479
00:46:26.810 --> 00:46:38.059
330W: N equals 7, 9, 11, all the way up to maximum a week, okay, we stop, we have to stop somewhere. We stopped at n equal 15. Still, the TC, pheromite TC remains the same.

480
00:46:39.160 --> 00:46:58.350
330W: The TC ferromagnetic, and the TC remains the same. So manganese layer, manganese tailored layer, you're separated by very thick piece of material layers, but it's ferromagnetic with almost the same ferromagnetic cure temperature. So, yeah, okay, so that means that whatever the interlayer coupling is very, very small.

481
00:46:58.770 --> 00:47:13.599
330W: They are just almost Fermite, only song. Only song. So this was okay. This was quite interesting, so they are almost… but it turned out they still need… actually, I didn't show it here, but if you give it everything in your single layer, then it was never pheromite, for sure.

482
00:47:14.360 --> 00:47:17.380
330W: So, even if they are very far, still, you need…

483
00:47:17.910 --> 00:47:36.149
330W: You need this… yeah, some layers, yes. Still some very far away, still you need some kind of coupling. If you have only single, they were never theremin. You need even very far, so that means there's still non-negotiable… non-negotiable, this, long-range, somehow, coupling that helps theramitism still. Okay.

484
00:47:36.720 --> 00:47:46.030
330W: Okay, now, okay, magnetic, topical matter is done. Okay, now we move on to… Superconding.

485
00:47:46.970 --> 00:47:58.490
330W: top-like assistant. So, in 2008, that's right after the top-like insulator concept, the top-line insulator popped up, and then, this full NK in UPenn, proposed that if you

486
00:47:58.810 --> 00:48:16.209
330W: grow… if you put the superconductor on top of topological insulator, then you can have something like some topological version of topological version of superconductor. Okay, you, okay, you call it topological superconductor. So you can have, you can, right at the interface, you can have… you basically, you can have,

487
00:48:16.510 --> 00:48:20.239
330W: Because you have a… you have a Cooper pair gap.

488
00:48:20.370 --> 00:48:37.979
330W: gap in supernatural. So, but, just like you have an insulating gap, you have Cooper gap, and you can have a surface state at that, in that supposed gap. So that surface state, okay, people call it, they call it Marana Somalia, they call it, okay? So, and then.

489
00:48:37.980 --> 00:48:56.709
330W: So then people say that, oh, it can be used to… to make something called politic computers, blah blah blah, okay? So, now you want to make it, okay, visually, conceptually, that's really simple. Okay, you deposit super on the titanium, but when you try to make it in reality, you have to think about all these interfacial issues.

490
00:48:56.710 --> 00:49:12.500
330W: It's not something, okay, as a theorist, you, oh yeah, put on the incubator, now you can make it, okay, that's it. My job's done. Now, the reality is, yes, hey, what kind of… because if you put something on top of the other, there's chemical reaction, there are all sorts of problems.

491
00:49:13.850 --> 00:49:30.990
330W: So we have to come up with something. What is the best, really, material, okay? Topolite insulator, okay, at least the best top-line insulators we know was Bismus distalerium. Then what is a good super monitor? The good super monitor I can think of is ion tellerium, actually, ion telium salonite.

492
00:49:31.740 --> 00:49:34.520
330W: Because, again, chemical compatibility is very important.

493
00:49:35.180 --> 00:49:40.280
330W: So, this is pretty good. The TC is pretty high. It's a good, combination.

494
00:49:40.300 --> 00:49:52.670
330W: So, there are a lot of things chemically very similar, okay? Again, cell and Iiteride, they're chemically similar. Also, they… it turns out that their growth condition is very similar. Also, the only important thing is, is

495
00:49:52.670 --> 00:50:00.889
330W: For this to work, the superintendent should be S wave, or no delays. You should not have any node in your superintendent yet, no delays supernatur.

496
00:50:00.890 --> 00:50:07.590
330W: Okay, but… and also, I am telling that I was… was, was known to be this known risk superinter.

497
00:50:07.890 --> 00:50:12.059
330W: And the TCE should be also pretty high, yes, TC of ion telerium is pretty high.

498
00:50:12.520 --> 00:50:18.719
330W: And also, it's better for them to be… have comparable carrier density. Oh, the biggest problem was, this is…

499
00:50:19.290 --> 00:50:26.339
330W: A four-fold, and this is 6-fold. Oh, yeah, you have completely different symmetry, then forget about that protection, it's impossible.

500
00:50:26.859 --> 00:50:45.690
330W: Okay, yes, it's impossible, because if you don't… if you talk to anyone who knows about epilepsy growth, you'll notice that, hey, growing aptaxial this complex material of one symmetry and onto the other, oh, there's no way, it's impossible. That's… that's what we thought, okay? This was completely unexpected, actually, we thought, but we grew it.

501
00:50:45.860 --> 00:50:52.049
330W: Great. There's a long story, but I'll not talk about the long story, but this was not our initial intention.

502
00:50:52.240 --> 00:50:58.969
330W: We just grew it for other purpose. You grew it somehow, it grows very well, and then it turns out that symmetry is completely different.

503
00:50:59.080 --> 00:51:01.920
330W: But one side that matches pretty well.

504
00:51:02.450 --> 00:51:05.149
330W: You see? One side, that matches pretty well.

505
00:51:05.510 --> 00:51:19.200
330W: there's a 2-2 score to 3 ratio. There's a… we call it uni-XLS match. Somehow, that provides very good matching, and then we were able to grow, okay, this weak pattern of Bismuth terrorite, and then we grow

506
00:51:19.200 --> 00:51:28.249
330W: Iron Tether right on top, and they grow very nicely. But there are 3 possible options. Yes, yes, there you have domains, yes, you always have domains.

507
00:51:28.510 --> 00:51:39.340
330W: Yeah, you always have domains, yes, yes, you do. Yes. Probably a couple of hundred… 100 nanometers. Okay, yeah, hundreds of nanometers. Yeah, yes.

508
00:51:39.570 --> 00:51:40.290
330W: Yes.

509
00:51:40.540 --> 00:51:47.660
330W: Okay, and then… and then, okay, they grow, the interface is pretty nice, nice, yes, we have… you have to have the domains, yes.

510
00:51:48.050 --> 00:51:58.759
330W: Oh, but the surprise! There's the only surprise. That's the fun part. Oh, there is only a surprise. Surprise is, when you made it, iron telerium, when you made it.

511
00:51:59.250 --> 00:52:03.119
330W: If you grow an iron teller, it's known the iron teller is never super undertake.

512
00:52:04.710 --> 00:52:06.590
330W: I mean, this is our, our data.

513
00:52:06.700 --> 00:52:13.240
330W: This is TC versus this, selenium content. This is ion tellide. When you grow iron toluride.

514
00:52:13.350 --> 00:52:17.330
330W: It is known previously that Iron Taylor is never superlundated.

515
00:52:17.910 --> 00:52:28.830
330W: But when you grew it, I am telling what is superconducting. Also, also what I know is ion selenium is superconducting for other people. In our case, iron selenium was never superconducting.

516
00:52:29.380 --> 00:52:40.029
330W: Basically, in our case, what people were able to make superannody ion selenium very easily, and this is iron selenide, yeah, they were super unity. Our ion is not super on the tin.

517
00:52:40.110 --> 00:52:58.890
330W: And people's… other people who grow iron telomere, they are not superlotine. Our ion telome is superlative. Are you sure you didn't mix this? No, no. Completely opposite. Yeah, no, no, no, no. This company happens, oh my god. Oh, so, yeah, iron telome is super only, what's going on?

518
00:52:59.030 --> 00:53:07.100
330W: And because this is what people have been talking. When you look up the literature, this is the… what people are saying. I don't tell them it's an interference metal.

519
00:53:08.050 --> 00:53:10.210
330W: I understand that if it's a supernatural.

520
00:53:10.940 --> 00:53:13.230
330W: That's what people have been talking all the time.

521
00:53:13.930 --> 00:53:16.540
330W: Okay, that's what I thought.

522
00:53:17.640 --> 00:53:33.229
330W: Okay, okay, but, okay, but, okay, however, at least one thing what's common is, when you have business, Italian mixing, or in the intermediate regime, then, okay, then both are spotted very easily, okay, for us. So, if you have some mixing.

523
00:53:33.470 --> 00:53:36.360
330W: Then, super inactivity can be achieved very easily.

524
00:53:36.570 --> 00:53:42.219
330W: In the, in the intermediate region. But in the end, remember, He's very sensitive.

525
00:53:42.330 --> 00:53:53.060
330W: Right? Depending on how you grow, it can be superonductive or completely non-superontent in the end member, but intermediate region, yeah, superonductivity, quite robust. However you do it, they're always super quantity.

526
00:53:54.520 --> 00:54:07.599
330W: Yeah, so it's always robust when you have talent cell and mixing, but yeah, the quick question is, yeah, is iron talent really anti-family metal? And iron salon is really super, and that's what people have been saying all the time.

527
00:54:07.720 --> 00:54:22.909
330W: This is what people have been saying all the time, but when we make heroes now, what, what, are we wrong, or what's going on? At least what the theorists are saying, okay? I looked up the literature, and also, okay, I looked up literature, and then names of,

528
00:54:23.430 --> 00:54:31.149
330W: our Gabby Cotlier, and, and, and Howlett, right? They, their names pop up, Christian Owlett, and then, yeah.

529
00:54:31.320 --> 00:54:50.170
330W: everybody says, in theoretically, that iron selenium, both iron selenium and ion telenium, at least based on DMFT DFT calculation, they should be an anti-ferromatic metal. That's what DMFT calculation says, okay? But reality is, okay, this is, this is calculation, but theory is

530
00:54:50.670 --> 00:54:54.189
330W: There he is, oh yeah, that's it, but this is reality.

531
00:54:55.410 --> 00:55:03.030
330W: But if you look at it more carefully, if you look through the literature, the reality is iron selenium was never super under the tin, actually.

532
00:55:03.890 --> 00:55:05.790
330W: Why don't think it was!

533
00:55:05.900 --> 00:55:14.380
330W: I am a rich face. This was a super deep faith. This is the very first paper. It is not I understand anyone. I understand anyone was never super on the team.

534
00:55:14.760 --> 00:55:15.890
330W: It'll never.

535
00:55:16.150 --> 00:55:23.680
330W: But people after superintendo, they call it just ISL language, but it was never… this… it's not… it was wrong.

536
00:55:24.110 --> 00:55:29.560
330W: You look at people that study it, Bob Kava's group studied more carefully, Superman lifting phase is here.

537
00:55:29.980 --> 00:55:33.570
330W: This actually is ion content. If you look at this content here.

538
00:55:33.690 --> 00:55:38.340
330W: The 2-pound, I think, phase has always more iron than selenium.

539
00:55:39.460 --> 00:55:45.339
330W: It's always 1.02, something like, right? 2%, you have 2% more iron.

540
00:55:45.710 --> 00:55:49.160
330W: than Selenium. That's what the team wants.

541
00:55:49.260 --> 00:56:03.120
330W: Is there very excess of iron, or is there… Atufficiency? Oh, I don't know. I don't, but that, that, I don't know, how careful they… yes, they just… I don't know. Anyhow, basically, I understand that I supine, I understand that I… you always have to have more iron.

542
00:56:04.480 --> 00:56:18.009
330W: The same is true… basically, when you make it, when you make it, that's the natural response, and that's what's super important. But the thing is, I am Tellarized, it was actually… okay, somehow, basically, the fact was this. This is what people get.

543
00:56:18.260 --> 00:56:21.259
330W: So, fact was, in fact, the real story was.

544
00:56:21.780 --> 00:56:25.909
330W: Ion 1 plus alpha selenium is super material.

545
00:56:26.450 --> 00:56:33.760
330W: Ion1 plus alpha telium is interfering. That's… that was the fact. That was the fact.

546
00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:37.099
330W: Not 1-1, not 1-1, never. It was never.

547
00:56:37.280 --> 00:56:49.059
330W: But, okay, right? It is much easier to write, right? So people, people we have, we thought so, I thought so, but that was like, yeah, experimentally, iron salon is never supposed to think.

548
00:56:49.850 --> 00:56:58.440
330W: So we were very puzzled, and then, okay, we looked out, we also studied, and we also looked out into other people's results, and it turned out that

549
00:57:00.230 --> 00:57:09.039
330W: we, you know, not only us, many other groups, if you grow ion telayer against on some other tailwind layers, then many material systems become supermater.

550
00:57:09.810 --> 00:57:16.309
330W: That's actually, okay, we found, okay, this is something we just realized, and then this is half review, half-hour experiment.

551
00:57:16.870 --> 00:57:26.530
330W: So, last year, early last year. So, basically, what we realized was, what I found out is, ion tether neighboring with many tetherite layers, they become superconnected.

552
00:57:27.500 --> 00:57:28.799
330W: And also.

553
00:57:35.460 --> 00:57:41.640
330W: Did you find that when he made it very thick, it went back to being… non-superconducting.

554
00:57:44.930 --> 00:57:46.060
330W: What that's going on?

555
00:57:46.640 --> 00:57:49.650
330W: Oh. Oh, what is it? Yes.

556
00:57:49.800 --> 00:57:57.009
330W: When you made your films thick, thicker, did they remain superconducting? But that's a good point. That itself could be a… it could be a function of thickening as well.

557
00:57:57.010 --> 00:58:11.190
330W: Could be. Many things, yes, is a parameter, yes. That could make difference. Over a chiro range, yes, it can be supreme, yes. Over higher, it's not very thin. Over a high fixed range, it is super thin. When it's super under 10, over quite some thickness range, it is supine, yes.

558
00:58:11.450 --> 00:58:26.560
330W: extremely thick, then composition change, a lot of other things can happen. But over a quite wide range of thickness, yes. Once it's one thing, it can be sporty. And also, also, what we realized was not only the same thing, but simply controlling the tail end of stoichiometry can be… you can make

559
00:58:26.560 --> 00:58:32.930
330W: Okay, super on the team, okay, this is super… this is, okay, this bill is floating, but not fully, okay? We found it.

560
00:58:33.710 --> 00:58:38.749
330W: I am telling him semi-complicated, and then there are some transitions, but it didn't reach zero.

561
00:58:39.390 --> 00:58:40.989
330W: regardless of tea?

562
00:58:41.170 --> 00:58:50.819
330W: So basically, what this is showing, at least the stock image control is, is important, depending on what telome content is. It can be main-supponding or non-supponding.

563
00:58:51.150 --> 00:58:55.219
330W: Closestresponding and non-responding, so this stoichiometry is very important.

564
00:58:56.820 --> 00:59:02.529
330W: And also, we realize that Yes, just a little, very tiny improvements can also make it super clean.

565
00:59:02.880 --> 00:59:03.650
330W: Awesome.

566
00:59:03.970 --> 00:59:22.680
330W: And so… so… so picture is, okay, probably anti-ferment, they are somewhere very close to each other competing, so you can go right away, which is really ground state. Okay, maybe that yourself may be very difficult to answer, because very little thing can make it either supported or not.

567
00:59:23.450 --> 00:59:25.310
330W: And then, earlier this year.

568
00:59:25.660 --> 00:59:30.759
330W: Oh, wait, Ramu is one of the authors. Oh, yeah. By the way, this is actually April Fool's Day.

569
00:59:30.980 --> 00:59:38.500
330W: April 1st, right? They say, this is QJ Chong's… they actually… Chi Cheng gave here a talk, as you visit here.

570
00:59:38.650 --> 00:59:57.789
330W: Early this year, yeah, they basically… yeah, basically, this… we have been talking about this for the past couple of years, and the Teng also, okay, looked at our result, and then, oh, somehow, they, okay, did it very carefully, because our study here, we didn't do very carefully, okay, somehow, we, we… there is possibility that

571
00:59:58.370 --> 01:00:07.440
330W: And then they studied very, very carefully with STA and all sorts of combined, and then their claim is stoichiometry I entirely monitored by stomach control.

572
01:00:07.610 --> 01:00:09.459
330W: And then this is their face target.

573
01:00:10.550 --> 01:00:19.820
330W: Okay? But however, 2 months later, more recently, about 2 months later, this… they did… it worked in exactly the same material system. This is iron telerium on STO substrate.

574
01:00:20.230 --> 01:00:37.380
330W: this guy, somehow, well, yeah, this guy, that is published 2 months later, but at least their claim is, it's not just document control, but strain itself plays an important role. My personal view? I view this series more real… more… okay, because everything matters.

575
01:00:37.750 --> 01:00:50.490
330W: Everything matters. So, it's not just stoichiometry. That's my feeling. Stoichiometry, yes, it's important. Yes, we already showed that, yes, stoichiometry can… somehow, stoichiometry is important, yes, stoichiometry, everything is important.

576
01:00:50.620 --> 01:00:54.789
330W: But in terms of a magnet over TC, you have something inside?

577
01:00:55.110 --> 01:01:09.400
330W: Higher TC is a better sampling. Oh, you mean, the super-19 TC. For DC, TC is all the same. Always the same. Iron teller, always the same. 13 Kelvin, always, it's intrinsic to iron teller.

578
01:01:09.510 --> 01:01:24.409
330W: KC's always around 30 Kelvin. Whatever you do, it's almost the same, because whatever method you use, the transient temperature is almost all the same. The quality of the transient tail can be different, but the onset, onset temperature.

579
01:01:24.470 --> 01:01:37.480
330W: Once the temperature is always around. Yeah, yeah, problem, yeah, this, because this is, yes, this is the, the famous anti-framing energy, yeah. And then, now they evolved into pump.

580
01:01:37.480 --> 01:01:44.689
330W: as it becomes pheromatic, the antifermic. This is sharp, but it becomes hump. So there are some, some still, some signature remaining.

581
01:01:44.750 --> 01:01:51.480
330W: Okay, but anyhow, okay, one thing we realized was KJ Chong didn't cite any of our papers at all.

582
01:01:52.500 --> 01:01:55.290
330W: These guys ciphered both of our papers.

583
01:01:55.780 --> 01:02:05.179
330W: What was the result? SeJ Chong didn't sign any of our paper. Yeah, because, because this guy, because of… Yes, yes, the thing was…

584
01:02:05.340 --> 01:02:09.449
330W: Because we, we sort of, we sort of talked about these many possibilities.

585
01:02:09.900 --> 01:02:32.479
330W: main possibilities, and then… That's not our way to move on that list. Huh? It's our way. It is our way to move. Oh, wait up. Okay, okay. Anyhow, so these paper, these guys from our site, both our papers, because these, I believe, yes, they got the ideas from what we had talked about, because we have been reporting this over the past couple of years.

586
01:02:32.700 --> 01:02:51.700
330W: And actually, he got the idea, actually. Personally, he talked to me, but somehow, he didn't say anything about papers. I'm not sure why. Because probably… He had to get it in nature, I mean, yeah. I mean, because the story of our… our story is a little not as clean, because we say there are many possibilities.

587
01:02:51.830 --> 01:03:07.910
330W: main purpose, but somehow he wants to maybe emphasize his documentary, okay, because the title is clean, maybe, okay? But anyhow… The existing condition. And did they explain why? What did the theorists do on this paper, Peter Hirschfeld?

588
01:03:08.560 --> 01:03:18.439
330W: A theorist, okay, yeah, you can, yeah, because… What did he do? What did he… We don't know, exactly, I didn't follow the details. Details, yeah, I don't know, exactly.

589
01:03:18.440 --> 01:03:28.870
330W: But this guy, I know that, at least this paper, they say that strain plays an important role. They also include… Yeah, because they say, at least this paper.

590
01:03:28.880 --> 01:03:31.430
330W: They say the strain plays an important role.

591
01:03:31.660 --> 01:03:44.950
330W: That's why… because this is exactly the same system, so strokement, yes, strokematic control is very important, that's true. It is very… yes. But… because if you do the same thing on a different substrate, probably you have different results.

592
01:03:46.370 --> 01:03:52.900
330W: So, so I think, basically, basically, my feeling is every little thing matters, because it is basically the…

593
01:03:53.060 --> 01:04:09.169
330W: super connectivity and interfaces, they are somehow very close to each other, competing, so depending on little things, it can go one way or the other. Was the first one? Were they both epitaxial? Yes, yes, everything's… yeah, these are the same A. They're the same A. They're the same A.

594
01:04:09.190 --> 01:04:13.379
330W: Sorry, is there any, like, face… face segregation in this?

595
01:04:13.800 --> 01:04:19.820
330W: No, no, no, give the iron tellerium, and you see, basically, you're controlling the tellerium amount of tellerium.

596
01:04:20.140 --> 01:04:24.029
330W: Controlled by annealing in vacuum or annealing in terror.

597
01:04:24.770 --> 01:04:27.869
330W: Yeah So, so that's how you…

598
01:04:27.990 --> 01:04:42.349
330W: So you can… you can be sure that your… the nominal composition that you're showing is, like, basically everywhere, right? It's, like, uniform, homogeneous. No, no, okay. In our case, we do not have… atomic scale, we do not have… we do not know what these guys…

599
01:04:42.460 --> 01:04:45.089
330W: They studied by STM, both of these guys.

600
01:04:45.340 --> 01:04:50.790
330W: They sort of control, at least from top surface, they do not know for sure exactly what's going inside.

601
01:04:51.210 --> 01:05:04.699
330W: So, both groups, they did STN on top, so they, from the… from the top surface, you can count the… the defects. That's how they, sort of, concluded that it's how stoichiometry is, that's how they did, both groups.

602
01:05:04.960 --> 01:05:10.170
330W: Yeah, they did very similar things, both groups. It's iron terrier on STO.

603
01:05:10.610 --> 01:05:11.370
330W: Yes.

604
01:05:12.630 --> 01:05:28.839
330W: Okay. So, okay, so this is the, this is the, message, is the final take-up messages. Basically, the total surface stage somehow seems like it amplifies the effects of interfacial defects. So interfacial… so interface plays a…

605
01:05:28.840 --> 01:05:39.339
330W: particularly very important role, all these supply ecosystems. And I think, okay, another thing is, IOT ZRA is a very interesting system. Also, I think the important point is.

606
01:05:39.510 --> 01:05:46.800
330W: It's not just iron tether and saline yet, both are interesting. In the meantime, why ion in the mean? Once you mix it, it's so robust.

607
01:05:47.300 --> 01:05:48.779
330W: There's no doping.

608
01:05:49.130 --> 01:05:53.640
330W: There's no charge stopping here. But when I am telling them something that's mixed.

609
01:05:53.750 --> 01:06:05.079
330W: then it's very robust, and super productivity comes out very easily. But end member, you work really hard, then yeah, okay, somehow you can make a superlative thing somehow in the end member.

610
01:06:05.090 --> 01:06:21.209
330W: So, I think that may be also related. Why is IronTelM superintendent? Because other systems, usually you need some doping. Over here, you do not… super quantity pops up, even without any doping. Because the TC cell is just fixed about 13,000, especially in iron telenium.

611
01:06:22.690 --> 01:06:26.960
330W: Okay, yeah, I think that's it.

612
01:06:32.310 --> 01:06:33.190
330W: Just…

613
01:06:36.440 --> 01:06:47.030
330W: Okay, let me start. Your last part, saw this mystery. Yes. But, you started from this, topological superconductivity. What is the connection?

614
01:06:47.330 --> 01:06:55.609
330W: Do you see any kind of a topological nature? Oh, okay, so there are two things, two connections, I would say. I am telling you selling itself.

615
01:06:55.810 --> 01:07:03.570
330W: On its own. These people sort of have shown that it has all… it is… people claim that it is on its own top-level super undertrak. I'm telling them that it is.

616
01:07:03.830 --> 01:07:21.489
330W: Around whether… around, let's say, telerm 60% or so, or even owe it, because I think KJ probably claims that ion telome itself now is AAA super on its own. Okay, I'm not sure that you… it's because… because if you go to telerm end, the… the spinner coupling increases.

617
01:07:21.490 --> 01:07:34.469
330W: So, so that's an open question. And another thing is, yes, it can be top-line supercomputer on its own, but if you have, let's say, I am telling center with, let's say, the original story of Fu Teng.

618
01:07:34.640 --> 01:07:45.400
330W: put it on, some… another topological, system. Then, maybe at the interface, there may be even more boostable topological, okay, yeah, something like that. But that's definitely…

619
01:07:45.530 --> 01:07:48.110
330W: Something you have to, find out, yes?

620
01:07:49.860 --> 01:08:06.090
330W: What's the experimental proof that it's a topological superconductor? Oh, so far, I think the proof, okay, sure. Only, there's no real solid proof. So far, what people have done is, in our past, they saw, they saw surface state.

621
01:08:06.240 --> 01:08:14.960
330W: surface state in the Cooper Bell… in the Cooper Gap, I believe, by RPES, very high resolution laser RPS. They saw, surface state.

622
01:08:15.060 --> 01:08:20.580
330W: Surface station. Within the Coquer gap.

623
01:08:20.750 --> 01:08:45.669
330W: That's one thing. And second thing is, okay, but that second thing is probably the marijuana vortex is based on the STM, but it's always controversial. You have zero bias, right? By now, it's not controversial. It is not? Yeah, it's quite established to know what it is, or that. No, no, it's established that they exist, yeah, so it's… I mean, there's a general agreement that they are… Probably it is, it is… Yeah, initially.

624
01:08:45.670 --> 01:09:05.150
330W: initially… Yeah. Because the question is the end member, because the more… because there's a mixing, if you have telium and mixing, then you can have very disorder, but if you have, if you can implement the end member, like, in iron tellerium, then it's much cleaner, so probably then there's a…

625
01:09:05.150 --> 01:09:20.679
330W: higher chance of clean to provide a super positive. Yeah, yeah, but it's not established in either. That's right. That's where you don't have a clean, yeah. Okay, so next week's speaker.

626
01:09:21.630 --> 01:09:33.879
330W: Yeah, I have a question about the first part. So, you showed that when you grow this topology, this one's selenite of a high enough quality oxide.

627
01:09:33.960 --> 01:09:45.789
330W: you basically improve the transport, and you start seeing some… Yeah, because the surface interfacial defects are suppressed. My question is, how do you know that this

628
01:09:45.890 --> 01:09:48.030
330W: Whatever causes the conductivity.

629
01:09:48.150 --> 01:09:55.379
330W: It's a topological surface conductivity. Why not, do this on residual doping that makes it colliding, so when…

630
01:09:55.380 --> 01:10:16.589
330W: if the film is high enough quality, basically, if mobility times magnetic field product… Yeah, yeah, just by looking. Yeah, you're right. Just by looking at only transport resolved, then whether it's topological or not, it's always, yeah, it is not… it is just a combination of many, many things. It proves the line of quality. Because, because in RTS, for example.

631
01:10:16.670 --> 01:10:17.869
330W: First thing is.

632
01:10:18.040 --> 01:10:25.889
330W: Why do they call it Somalar Israel? We have the surface band. Basically, that's the first evidence. Sophie's band is seen in ARPES.

633
01:10:26.560 --> 01:10:30.369
330W: That is the definition of the surface state.

634
01:10:30.670 --> 01:10:44.130
330W: this upper span. Now, when you measure, the question is, when you measure it, then do you measure something from only the surface, this band, or is something… we have something coming out also from this bulk band as well?

635
01:10:44.350 --> 01:11:02.369
330W: But that is… even RPC is now, we have this… you can count all the carrier densities. If you have the carrier density is very small, then there's no other way than having only the surface state contribution, because if you count the numbers, then your K-space size should be really tiny.

636
01:11:03.150 --> 01:11:17.630
330W: then the… around the Jak point, there's no… you can have only from… you can have the carriers only from the… from the surface state. So that's still the way it should be. So if… without RTS, probably, it may be always controversial. But with the RTS,

637
01:11:17.840 --> 01:11:27.990
330W: because of the combination, it's more complicated. So, follow up this question. So, is there any way you can distinguish, kind of, work mobility versus surface mobility?

638
01:11:28.270 --> 01:11:35.150
330W: Okay, okay, yes, that's, that's, again, that's very, relevant. There's all these…

639
01:11:35.310 --> 01:11:40.999
330W: confusion, because let's say, if you have both crystals, the way people do it is they do SDH oscillation.

640
01:11:41.510 --> 01:11:47.409
330W: And then, and then, somehow, from this, they, they somehow, then you have multiple channels.

641
01:11:47.960 --> 01:12:06.509
330W: something comes from the surface, something comes from the bulb, right? And then, what is the… what is the, surface, what is… the way… at least the way they people do this, they, let's say, measure that as a function of, the, the, the, the maintenance field, and then they… they interpolate it to zero, then…

642
01:12:06.510 --> 01:12:19.290
330W: then you have this slightly, what is that called, the very face offset, and the offset values if it's a zero, or if it's a half, half, or minus half, depending on that. People argue that

643
01:12:19.380 --> 01:12:31.649
330W: it can be either one is a surface state or Burkh state, but… but that's, simply you measure it just by, woman, Jane Karen, that's the only zone, yeah, you… there's no way to tell, just only zone.

644
01:12:31.650 --> 01:12:46.730
330W: Sure, but, but you… you did this study with, Peter, right? So, as a function of number of layers. Thickness is… another thing, another thing is… This is how you can… Okay, another thing is, thickness, as you make it thicker, the carrot does not change.

645
01:12:46.730 --> 01:12:50.209
330W: Yeah. At least that says it is dominated by the surface.

646
01:12:50.280 --> 01:12:59.529
330W: Yeah, there's a multiple thing you can… There's also, yes. So, same question. A strained film has a finite critical thickness.

647
01:12:59.680 --> 01:13:19.580
330W: So do… so do they see… I'd say a strain film has a critical… No, these are not strains. They get reflected right away. The last one… the last item you showed was… So the question is, is the superconductivity changing as a function of thickness?

648
01:13:19.790 --> 01:13:26.680
330W: Oh, that, that, that, that, those, those, okay, I think… so, these, the next constant of these two are very close.

649
01:13:27.230 --> 01:13:36.549
330W: Iron telleride and selenide. Iron telleride and STO is very, very similar to each other. At least we, up to the thickness, they grew. They all climbed.

650
01:13:37.050 --> 01:13:38.080
330W: They're clamped.

651
01:13:38.340 --> 01:13:58.189
330W: Strain is the same. Strain, yeah, they're all… yes, it's all clamped, so probably people, you have to go very thick, you know, to have them left. It's not very thick, yeah. Yeah, so the thickness they talk about is something like 29 or 39 meter, up to that, it's all clamped, but it's weird. It's very little clamping, left clamps are very similar.

652
01:13:58.410 --> 01:14:08.820
330W: But, so it is kind of… that little thing, that strain, can still interrupt the, can help interrupt the anti-fermentism and then help induce

653
01:14:09.050 --> 01:14:21.769
330W: Super negativity. So I think that's… that's why I think the STO, somehow, STO was, in some sense, the logic that you have, because if you do the same thing on other subjects, you may not observe similar quantity.

654
01:14:22.340 --> 01:14:38.979
330W: I have a question from this side. Sam, you're only looking at that side. You have to watch… look at both sides. So, I wanted to ask from the very beginning, you… you implied that… that the… that the…

655
01:14:39.320 --> 01:14:49.080
330W: epitaxy was kind of… you launch your cannonballs at the surface, and magically, the crystal grows. What is actually known about the way those

656
01:14:49.200 --> 01:15:00.499
330W: atoms attach themselves to the surface and grow the crystal. Oh, yeah. Do they bounce off? Do they stick where they land? What happens? Yeah, yeah, that's a very important, relevant question.

657
01:15:00.500 --> 01:15:10.899
330W: Yeah, okay, yeah, I discovered that, right? But you can never be completely, completely, independent from the nature's thermodynamics completely.

658
01:15:10.900 --> 01:15:20.639
330W: what you are limited is the difference… you are… you're… it's like this. You have, the difference between distinct film growth versus bulk growth is, in bulk growth.

659
01:15:21.100 --> 01:15:25.659
330W: you don't have in-play mobility. Everything is, like, confined.

660
01:15:26.080 --> 01:15:28.760
330W: So things occur only on the surface very easily.

661
01:15:29.360 --> 01:15:43.640
330W: Once you make the thin film, once they get buried, then it's hard for them… it's very difficult for them to move. What's happening when an atom… Because they always get… okay, depending on which element it is, some elements tend to burn humidity.

662
01:15:44.120 --> 01:15:58.450
330W: Other elements, for example, let's say if it is a molecular action, molecular oxygen bounce off. But let's say, also in selenium, for example, let's say if you grow calcium arsenite, for example, calcium arsenite, if you have… if you have extra arsenic.

663
01:15:58.980 --> 01:16:05.150
330W: More than one on, then all the action that just bounce off, because of… there's no way to bond.

664
01:16:05.260 --> 01:16:09.189
330W: Let's take an example, let's say you're a Gallinger.

665
01:16:09.460 --> 01:16:14.390
330W: RSN comes in. RSN comes in. Now, as soon as RSN hits this.

666
01:16:14.810 --> 01:16:19.950
330W: They're strong! Almost immediately, there's strong attraction, they attract each other.

667
01:16:20.020 --> 01:16:35.040
330W: They pick a bond, right away. So it doesn't move around, it stays where it is? Oh, okay, no, not really, not really. No, no, no, that's okay. No, this is not really correct. Because, still, you have only the surrounding… you've got bonded in one place.

668
01:16:35.130 --> 01:16:37.060
330W: Then you can easily move around.

669
01:16:37.670 --> 01:16:43.470
330W: If you have, let's say, but if you have less edge, step. Move around, then step, and then you have two bonds.

670
01:16:44.090 --> 01:16:51.260
330W: Then you have Sunil Bond, you can still move around this way. Yes. Or you can still move around, depending on the temperature. Now you have a corner.

671
01:16:51.600 --> 01:17:04.770
330W: Like, like this, right? It's in the corner. Now we have 3 bonding. Now, that's… then it's very difficult for them to move around, depending on the temperature. Yeah, so that's why, that's… once you're inside the ball.

672
01:17:04.830 --> 01:17:16.719
330W: Right? Everything is all dependent on temperature, but inside, relatively, inside the box, you've got stuff. You cannot, because you are all surrounded by all surrounding, dude, you cannot move around. That's why, on the surface, they move around very easily.

673
01:17:16.720 --> 01:17:34.639
330W: I see. Well, you cannot come off. So this allows it to anneal into the most stable structure. So you are playing the game of, right, the right temperature, because now you can move around easily, right? Then, it tries to find the minimum energy configuration. Boom, boom, boom. Usually, the minimum energy configuration is that kind of corner.

674
01:17:35.010 --> 01:17:51.829
330W: Bam. But we are exactly done, bomb, so that's why they propagate, usually. So do you have to tune the temperature? Yeah, temperature is the important parameter, yes. There's a rate, how much I fast, I do it. So it's, it's already… but the thing is, we watch what we are doing, that's why it's not that difficult.

675
01:17:52.010 --> 01:17:57.500
330W: Yeah, because even… In these materials where we've got iron and tellurium on the same layer.

676
01:17:57.500 --> 01:18:13.509
330W: Actually, they're not quite… do you first send in Teleri? No, no, no, no. Then send in… No, no, no, no, no, you don't have to. No, no, no. You send both. I am telling both. Because tellerium telev does not bond to each other. Or even if they're telling them together. As soon as IAM comes in.

677
01:18:13.640 --> 01:18:20.280
330W: Iron wants to split and go into it, because that's energetically preferable. Iron and tailor wants to bump. I see.

678
01:18:20.600 --> 01:18:36.829
330W: So that's how nature works better. And do you have to attune the temperature differentially, the iron? No, no, no, that's almost impossible. The temperature's all the same, right? All the same with this whole substrate. So basically, you have the control, but you are somehow getting help from nature.

679
01:18:36.930 --> 01:18:49.410
330W: But you are sort of, still, there's some… some control you can have. Right? There's some control you can have. So, usually the control, you have control along the C direction. In play, you are relying on the nature, or in play.

680
01:18:49.430 --> 01:19:11.550
330W: Outer plane, it's you. You control the outer plane. The heat plane… Through the temperature. Through the temperature, also through the rate. How fast you do it? Yeah, so how much material you dump it… How much you mask it or not. Also, because if you're doing very fast, then you can also… that's all under the control. How fast you do it, but usually the temperature. Temperature is the biggest temperature from here.

681
01:19:12.510 --> 01:19:15.149
330W: Everybody's still sitting here, so it doesn't…

682
01:19:15.150 --> 01:19:33.550
330W: Two questions. One question is, like, what's the timescale over which this kind of annealing happens in one layer? You said if I watch it, it happens? Yeah, yeah, okay, we… that's our limited patch human nature.

683
01:19:33.550 --> 01:19:35.490
330W: It can be almost any timescale.

684
01:19:35.520 --> 01:19:41.719
330W: But because we grow it, we adjust it so that It's comfortable for us.

685
01:19:42.020 --> 01:19:55.469
330W: That's actually… that's usually the case. So in our case, because of… for example, in, in Burkhart, when Sunil makes it, sometimes he makes it in the scale of months, sometimes. But we never do it, because we do it, we watch.

686
01:19:55.730 --> 01:20:05.890
330W: So we watch it. So basically, we want to do it only in some scales of not faster than seconds, but not longer than some minutes.

687
01:20:06.560 --> 01:20:22.849
330W: That's our target timescale. So we adjust the time scale so that we can do it within… so that means there… sometimes the things are maybe almost near impossible because of this time limit, sometimes. But that's what… that's another factor.

688
01:20:22.860 --> 01:20:28.069
330W: So, the other question is, like, iron, selenium terrylide, what type of superconductor is it?

689
01:20:29.110 --> 01:20:41.840
330W: What's the… what's… what's… what's responsible for the support? Oh, which one, okay, there is the issue, sure, that's probably… it's gotta be… yeah, Piers has his own views, and other people have their own views, but at least the…

690
01:20:41.840 --> 01:20:54.549
330W: at least, at least my view, my view? I think probably many people have this similar views, because, both ion, selenide and cuprate, they're… the water compound is interferometism.

691
01:20:54.550 --> 01:21:09.660
330W: Okay? So, what is in common between anti-ferromatism and Cooper pair? What's common is we have this kind of configuration, yeah? Whether it's static or not, you have this kind of configuration. Cooper pair is this configuration, and then… right, so…

692
01:21:09.780 --> 01:21:16.849
330W: So that's why if somehow… if something, let's say, if you… if you remove the static disorder, then at a certain point.

693
01:21:17.210 --> 01:21:19.210
330W: You can't have some sort of flotation.

694
01:21:19.350 --> 01:21:21.930
330W: then somebody looks very similar to Pupo Pears.

695
01:21:22.120 --> 01:21:28.350
330W: appears to think this is, you know, PA, it should be this way, but okay. But at least, okay, just if you think about this regular…

696
01:21:28.350 --> 01:21:43.349
330W: S-wave type, then, yeah, now once it starts to fluctuate, then it's very similar to Cooper pair, so I think that's how… that's why, if you look at it, as soon as you break the interferitance, slowly cuts off, right away.

697
01:21:43.680 --> 01:21:50.719
330W: So that seems like it's JP is static, as soon as you make it dynamic, then it only pops up.

698
01:21:50.940 --> 01:21:52.250
330W: That's how it is.

699
01:21:53.240 --> 01:22:01.320
330W: Okay, so no more questions this side, right? Okay, so coming back now, all the way back to that…

700
01:22:01.500 --> 01:22:05.699
330W: strained or not strained iron cholera.

701
01:22:05.990 --> 01:22:10.229
330W: Yes, so, Crisett. Can it be grown on,

702
01:22:10.270 --> 01:22:30.669
330W: A ferroelectric substrate? No, not sure, sure, sure, yes, you can. No, you can, if you have gas, you can. Yes, yes, yes, that should be definitely an interesting subject to study, yes, yes, it is, yes, it is. I think there can be… yeah, okay, basically, we have limited time.

703
01:22:30.730 --> 01:22:33.790
330W: And manpower. Yeah, there are a lot of interesting things.

704
01:22:33.940 --> 01:22:47.160
330W: but somehow we can do only, right? So, yeah, that's definitely… that's an interesting subject, yes, if you do that, then TC can… because I think I understand there are a lot of things, a lot of things to study, still.

705
01:22:47.160 --> 01:22:59.619
330W: There are a lot of mysteries. Why is this responsibility at all? I think there are a lot of… yes. No more questions about this side, right? So,

706
01:22:59.740 --> 01:23:07.069
330W: follow, actually, some of the earlier questions, including our courses. So, since it is a vendor board system.

707
01:23:07.230 --> 01:23:26.580
330W: I am trying to say that it's not just random, this is not. But anyway, other systems, at least that this person is, terrorists, that's a random system, so that… but this is also highly clover, even though it's not… Yeah, okay, yeah, intermated, yes, it's intermittent. So, question is, for me, it's a straight issue, so…

708
01:23:26.580 --> 01:23:29.249
330W: If it is a true vendor versus techno.

709
01:23:29.430 --> 01:23:50.750
330W: then there's a strain. In the beginning, you may have a strain, but strain release. It happens very quickly. There's no strain. It released right away. This is not, no, no. This is not. This is not, yes. So, your second part…

710
01:23:50.750 --> 01:23:54.270
330W: And you have 15 layers of this lift.

711
01:23:54.270 --> 01:23:57.549
330W: Sunilite. Still, megatulum, megatulum.

712
01:23:57.550 --> 01:24:22.460
330W: Yes, they can talk to each other, and I think it's very interesting. Yes, yes. I wonder, I wonder, you know, theological nature of this Marcela surface… Oh, I see. Okay, maybe, maybe. No, maybe, maybe, that, that's, yeah, okay, yeah. Yes, could be. Yeah, definitely. Pretty far, I'm sure they talk to each other, that sounds…

713
01:24:22.460 --> 01:24:39.240
330W: So that's why it's, yeah. Okay, there's very good. Many, many questions, a wonderful talk. Let's give a big answer, too.

714
01:24:49.680 --> 01:24:50.600
330W: Yes.

715
01:24:50.990 --> 01:24:52.510
330W: Did you see the fear.

716
01:24:53.090 --> 01:24:55.809
330W: No. You're showing me. Yeah.

717
01:25:04.120 --> 01:25:12.740
330W: So, I have probably a very naive question, but it's related to, sort of the question about building up a layer. So,

718
01:25:12.950 --> 01:25:15.560
330W: I'm thinking of it this way.

719
01:25:15.970 --> 01:25:21.680
330W: When we're putting a jigsaw puzzle together, the last few pieces are actually easy to do.

720
01:25:21.940 --> 01:25:46.769
330W: But if you're trying to drive an atom into a pre-existing thing that… Oh, no, you never grow it that way. You always have the substrate. That's why substrate is… That's why you need a substrate. And when you're growing one more layer, next layer, next layer, how do you make sure that every single substrate.

721
01:25:46.770 --> 01:25:54.409
330W: already. That's the substrate. Everything's a square lattice already, so you're shooting…

722
01:25:54.410 --> 01:26:19.399
330W: Then, usually then, they somehow… they want to… When I saw that, I… There's a wedding, this is a personal wedding. Sometimes, sometimes they don't want to wed. Sometimes they want to… So which one of those, which one of those… That's the entire surface. But that's usually my preferred. Okay. So, but sometimes, sometimes they want to ball up, then yes, it goes really bad. That's none of us.

723
01:26:19.400 --> 01:26:44.310
330W: That's why… so that's why… These materials are good for doing this kind of process, laying out the layers. It doesn't work all day. Sometimes they boil down. That's it. Sometimes, then it doesn't work. Then we have to find a way to find… that's why we do both for layering, because you have… you find the waiting layer, which is wet. IRSP doesn't work.

724
01:26:44.310 --> 01:27:06.580
330W: Oh, then we can, that's why we… But once you have a layer, it's easy. Once you derive it, then yeah, you sort of… And then you have to add a different layer. And maybe you'll have some problems with doing that. Yeah, sometimes you can have problems, sometimes it works… Every time, yes, you spend a lot of time…

725
01:27:06.910 --> 01:27:11.939
330W: And laying around in the life. Also, also, when you look at the materials, we have some sense.

726
01:27:11.940 --> 01:27:32.499
330W: Probably this way, 100%, because you have the sense of how strong the bonding is, because all these things, you have all this chemical bonding, because the period table, if you look at it, the bonding is usually stronger as you go to… oh, that you go down, it becomes weaker. All those indications, they're much better, but it's only a different kind.

727
01:27:32.500 --> 01:27:57.299
330W: I sort of all this work in, not complete thermodynamics, but I always think about this, right, a little bit. We call it kinetic, somehow. You can move around, how fast that has another, yeah? And so, yeah, your Yujia sort of develops the more you do. I mean, maybe this does help. Yeah, they measured in our place, they measure the gaps are

728
01:27:57.300 --> 01:28:05.790
330W: You may remember. Yeah, I saw that one. So you can do triangle this way, or triangle this way.

729
01:28:05.790 --> 01:28:30.729
330W: Exactly, right. So the only connection I have to this… Yeah, that's X-ray mirrors.

730
01:28:30.730 --> 01:28:52.060
330W: out of a glass. Could it be that as you put iron, we want to put a high atomic number… But then better is gold, and we used iridium, or Chandra. And the point is, if you do evaporative coating of these.

731
01:28:52.060 --> 01:29:11.360
330W: You don't get the bulk. But if you do sputtering, you do get the bulk. Okay, yeah, okay, yeah, oh, okay. And those is more like sputtering, I'm guessing, right? Okay. There's a lot of details, detail. Because the thing is, again, there's a waiting problem, waiting. This is not a textual growth.

732
01:29:11.360 --> 01:29:23.660
330W: There would be another layer underneath there, I think… I forget what it was. The old bedding layer! The whole bedding layer. If you try to do it, they ball off.

733
01:29:23.810 --> 01:29:48.150
330W: So they put something, especially something like gold. Gold is very interesting, very weak. So you try gold, gold wants to bond only themselves, he does not want to bond with anything else. Yeah, he buys. And that's why we thought that was… evaporation, the evaporative method leaves you with these voids. That's another factor, yes. If you think evaporation is more gentle.

734
01:29:48.150 --> 01:30:12.139
330W: It just flat, right? We do it gently, then, yeah, so that's why… But yours is very gentle. It's a shutter that comes in… This is also… this is all apexio. In that case, it's not aptaxial. So in aptaxial, then they… they empower all the atoms.

735
01:30:12.140 --> 01:30:37.119
330W: I'm not trying to build crystal layers. You want to make… okay, you mean… Just applied coding? Yeah, coding.

736
01:30:37.120 --> 01:31:00.689
330W: It's very difficult to make. Yeah, yeah. Ours is not. In that case, probably the fast way, bang, and then somehow good waiting layer. It's also a big area, too. It's a meter, and it's all the inside. Even if it's big, evaporation can also work, but sputtering is usually bad, that's why sputtering is preferred.

737
01:31:00.690 --> 01:31:25.579
330W: Most cases, sputtering is in multiple ways. You know, we had to deal with the contractors who were doing this job, and evaporative is probably cheaper than sputtering. Well, it's… Monkey, meter in diameter, meter long.

738
01:31:25.580 --> 01:31:44.339
330W: And it's all the surface area. You just need a few layers, right? But there is still interference. I realized… I realized that I still understand the interference. Before that, I couldn't understand any solution. Okay, okay, sure.

739
01:31:44.400 --> 01:31:49.500
330W: Totally. Yeah, now, Tony, I almost understood, but I… Fascinating, yeah.

740
01:31:49.610 --> 01:32:14.320
330W: That's very interesting. Okay, we need to… one idea, that we've got, that the origin of… Yeah, yeah, this was plastic, this was good. The natural. It has numbers. So, basically, over here, I didn't use the information. Oh, okay.

741
01:32:14.320 --> 01:32:30.069
330W: Do you have wireless? Yeah. Yeah, just wireless connections. But which wireless you used? The, no, no, no, no, does it, I, I, it doesn't matter, but I used the, the, Rutgers.

742
01:32:30.070 --> 01:32:38.429
330W: Does physics work? The physics still… I usually use… It doesn't matter if that works.

743
01:32:38.530 --> 01:32:53.910
330W: three gaps on each pocket. Okay, yeah, good luck. So, you would say that this line is kind of an optimistic line, and you need to go through these data points, so it's lower than this.