WEBVTT Click into your… Yeah. Yeah, that's fair. Let me… Yeah, we acknowledge it. I thought about banks. Oh, I had a lot of really good coffee. We had some nice dinners in Paris. We have to do it again. I have one in Paris. Why is it great? With Lilin, we went out to dinner, remember? What do you mean? Try sharing the desktop. I was there last week. Okay, let's like that. Yep. I think, girl, and we were sharing an office. Little delay. Alright, folks, remember to mute yourself. I used to see… I used… I used to shave. Okay. You shave. No, no, it's not… No, it's still not doing it. Are we good now? No delay. Right. There's, like, a… you know, it's just short delay. It was leg. There is lag, baby. But it's working good enough for government work. 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.000 Okay, welcome everyone. 00:00:02.000 --> 00:00:08.000 It's our great pleasure to host today Pablo Gerino Herrero. 00:00:08.000 --> 00:00:11.000 Uh, who's visiting us from MIT, um, 00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:17.000 Pablo is, uh, one of the pioneers of twisted bilayer graphene. 00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:23.000 And, uh, today, we're happy to have him come, because he's going to present, uh, 00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:30.000 ours lecture this evening, a Rick Irons Lecture, but he's got enough energy to fly in this morning. 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:35.000 I'm straight from the airport, and give us also a seminar, and we're just so thrilled to have him here. 00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:38.000 those will be here tomorrow morning. 00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:45.000 Uh, and he's going to be telling us about his, uh, work on Twisted Friday at graphene, among other things, and 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:51.000 In general, the next generation of Mare matter. So, thank you so much, Patro, for coming. 00:00:51.000 --> 00:01:04.000 Thank you very much, Pierre. So, it's a great place to visit. It's been a while, actually. I was trying to talk today… I remember Eva invited you… invited me here many years ago, and I came and visited, but that was well before COVID, and I think we found… 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:10.000 well before Magicka and Graphene, so it was about time to come and visit, and I'm very happy to do so. 00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:16.000 You know, everyone, so many friends. So, let me tell you, I mean, in an ideal world, I would give this talk 00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:23.000 After, uh, you know, tonight's lecture, so that you have the introduction, and then the more specialized, but okay, given 00:01:23.000 --> 00:01:29.000 of his arro. Anyway, you're a very familiar kid in this apartment with more country matter, so… 00:01:29.000 --> 00:01:32.000 Let's get started, and for some reason, there is a delay, somehow, between… 00:01:32.000 --> 00:01:35.000 Me clicking on things, 00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:37.000 And this thing happening? 00:01:37.000 --> 00:01:40.000 Let me see… let's see if it… 00:01:40.000 --> 00:01:46.000 A moment of vote? 00:01:46.000 --> 00:01:48.000 Oh, okay. 00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:53.000 I don't know whether… how quick it is, maybe. Okay, let's it. Okay, alright, so… 00:01:53.000 --> 00:02:00.000 What I want to matter, okay? So it's a, you know, I wouldn't say… maybe new is not so new anymore, you know, but a relatively recent platform. 00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:05.000 to investigate strong interacting electrons and topological physics, yeah? 00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:09.000 And this is something that, you know, for many, many, you know, decades, 00:02:09.000 --> 00:02:14.000 100 plus years, we've been looking at quantum materials with typical lattice scales of the order of an Amstrom. 00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:21.000 Right? Here you have all the richness of, you know, quantum materials, you know, of, you know, periodic table, 00:02:21.000 --> 00:02:24.000 Millions of compounds, etc. 00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:29.000 But these materials are very hard to understand theoretically, especially when it comes to correlated systems. 00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:40.000 And also, usually you have relatively little tunability over the properties of the system. So if you want a new face of matter, very often you have to grow a new crystal with a different chemical composition. 00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:42.000 different disorder, etc. 00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:52.000 So about 25 years ago, you know, the cold atoms community decided that they, you know, might be able to simulate all of Conde's mother by playing with these quantum simulators, where you… 00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:58.000 Basically, shine lasers at each other, and you create a periodic potential, and you load it with atoms, and… 00:02:58.000 --> 00:03:03.000 Because you have… they have such exquisite control over the properties of lasers, 00:03:03.000 --> 00:03:06.000 They can really tune all the parameters of this system. 00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:09.000 Okay, so there you have tremendous feminibility, 00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:15.000 However, because the land scale here is more than a micrometer, the wavelength of light, 00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:24.000 This means that the energy scales associated with all of the face of matter that they're able to build are extremely low, and even though they are working 00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:29.000 Uh, you know, between 100 picocilvin and 1 nanoKelvin, that still the very high temperature limit. 00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:32.000 of most of the stuff that we do in Cognizable physics. 00:03:32.000 --> 00:03:41.000 And as a result, they have been able to realize some faces of matter were not nearly as many as they would like to realize, you know, and there is steady progress, you know. 00:03:41.000 --> 00:03:49.000 in lowering the temperature further, but it's technically extremely challenging, you know, and they are not going as fast as they would probably like. 00:03:49.000 --> 00:03:59.000 And then, you know, over the past decade or so, we've been exploring this other platform, More A Quantum Mother, where now the typical landscape is of order of 10 nanometers, so it's… 00:03:59.000 --> 00:04:03.000 A factor of 100 from either of these other two platforms, that's very convenient. 00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:09.000 And complementary. And also, the energy scales are very complementary, okay? We… 00:04:09.000 --> 00:04:20.000 don't have, you know, the same, you know, ultra-smo and discounts that they have here. We have smaller discounts, but, you know, a border of 1 to 10 Kelvin, which are very convenient to explore in a solid synthesis laboratory. 00:04:20.000 --> 00:04:25.000 It's also complementary platform in terms of the degree of cheerability. 00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:30.000 We have a lot more tunability than in regular quantum materials, not quite as much as 00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:34.000 Nutracold atoms, but because of… 00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:41.000 you know, this very convenient energy scales associated with these land scales were able to realize, actually observe, you know, 00:04:41.000 --> 00:04:45.000 pretty much all of the phases of quantum matter that are observed in solidarity state physics. 00:04:45.000 --> 00:04:50.000 And even new ones that wouldn't discolored, you know, until recently, and they didn't exist before. 00:04:50.000 --> 00:04:53.000 So that's something that, you know, 00:04:53.000 --> 00:05:01.000 One thing that contributed, you know, very strongly to these developments is this thing which is now known as Twistronics, you know, which is the fact that 00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:09.000 With the advantage to the materials, it became possible to do something which was impossible to do in the history of material science, and that is to change the twist angle between crystal 00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:15.000 claims in materials, and choose it, you know, design it, choose it completely at will, you know. You can put… 00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:29.000 particular film, you can put another sheet of graphene on top, and you can put it on top with any twist angle that you want. You choose it, you know, and you can choose it very precisely, from 30 degrees, 27 degrees, 1.1 degrees, why not? 00:05:29.000 --> 00:05:34.000 And the properties of the system, particularly the electronic properties, 00:05:34.000 --> 00:05:41.000 can change dramatically as a function of that twist angle. What precision can you now do? Do the twist atoms today? 00:05:41.000 --> 00:05:50.000 0.0… something. 0.05, 0.03, 0.1 degrees is relatively standard. 00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:53.000 So, 00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:58.000 The thing… I think that's… I think the trick is that every time there is an animation, 00:05:58.000 --> 00:06:00.000 You go slow, okay. So… 00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:06.000 The magic of this mono-quantum other platform is that within the span of, you know, a few years, 00:06:06.000 --> 00:06:15.000 we were able to realize we, I mean, collectively, the community, you know, all kinds of faces of quantum matter, you know, from correlated insulators, superconductors, 00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:21.000 Many topological phases, new types of magnets caused crystals, feraltic materials, strange metals, you know, crystals. 00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:28.000 The list keeps going, okay? So that's something that, you know, 00:06:28.000 --> 00:06:31.000 pass, you know, being very interesting for many people. 00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:36.000 And, you know, with that introduction, this is what I want to tell you about today. 00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:48.000 So, I want to tell you about this, you know, next-generation water quantum matter, meaning, you know, systems more complex than, you know, magic angle, okay? And in particular, I'm going to focus on magic angle multilayography, 00:06:48.000 --> 00:06:51.000 Okay, which is a robust… 00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:53.000 you know, a family of robust Moray superconductors. 00:06:53.000 --> 00:07:01.000 And then I will focus, and this will be a brief introduction, and then I will focus most of the talk on Magic Angle Twisted trimagraphy. 00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:07.000 Okay, so 3 layers. And I want to focus on the simultaneous transport and autonomous spectroscopy measurements. 00:07:07.000 --> 00:07:11.000 of these systems, you will see that it's a pretty, you know, it's a… it's a… 00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:15.000 technique which is quite nice, you know, it was not easy to… 00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:20.000 come up with, but it's quite nice because it allows us to do transport and tunneling. 00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:27.000 At the same time. And I'll talk to you about a distinct observation of the superconducting gap, and what signatures of nodal superconductivity in these systems. 00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:33.000 And then I hope to have a few minutes to tell you about Magic Angle helical triliography. You know, it's a different geometry of building… 00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:42.000 You know, motor patterns in a helical direction, and I'll show you that this is a multimodal platform for strong interacting topological values. 00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:44.000 Alright, so let's get started with this. 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:51.000 So, I think you're all very familiar, but let me very quickly go through it. You know, this is graphene, there's energy momentum dispersion, 00:07:51.000 --> 00:07:55.000 near the Fermi energy is linear, which is very exotic. 00:07:55.000 --> 00:08:00.000 And the behavior of electrons is governed by the Dirac equation in two dimensions for massless particles. 00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:03.000 Now, this spinner… 00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:08.000 You know, in this case, it means whether the weight of the wave function is on the A or the B sublattices, 00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:12.000 And we have two of these valleys, the K and the K-Paren valleys, so… 00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:19.000 Electrons, we say that in, you know, in graphene, they have these generations of force, spin up, spin up, valley K, value K prime. 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:25.000 Okay, and that's, you know, that number 4 will appear sometime during the talk, so remember it. 00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:30.000 Because what happens if you put graphene on top of graphene, you create a more heterosex structure, 00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:35.000 Where the moire wavelength, the separation between these soccer balls that you see on the screen, is sort of… 00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:55.000 inversely proportional to the 3 standard, at least for small twist angles, okay? Because these two lattices are identical, the more equations can go all the way to inf, as you go towards smaller and smaller angles, okay? If you have materials with slightly different lattice constants, like graphene and hexamarbon nitride, then there is a maximum order wavelength, you know, when you align them. 00:08:55.000 --> 00:08:57.000 All right, so this is what happens in real space. 00:08:57.000 --> 00:08:59.000 What happens in… 00:08:59.000 --> 00:09:02.000 reciprocal space. 00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:04.000 And again, because of the animation, yeah. 00:09:04.000 --> 00:09:10.000 So, if you, you know, this is a single layer of graphene, real space, 00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:19.000 moment, you know, any moment in this person, you know, we know and so on. If we cut, you know, our Fermi energies here at some height, you have those Fermities, KK prime. 00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:24.000 So, if we now place another graphene sheet on top, and it's perfectly aligned with it, then… 00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:27.000 In real space, the reciprocal spaces are also perfectly aligned. 00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:30.000 Yeah. But… 00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:33.000 If you twist it by some angle in… 00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:36.000 real space, then the reciprocal spaces 00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:39.000 also rotate, and by the same angle. 00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:42.000 Yeah? So, twisting leads… 00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:48.000 to direct cones of graphene layer 1 and 2 separate in momentum space by, you know… 00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:56.000 something which is proportional to the sign of half the tree sandals, so for small angles, it's proportional to the tree standal separation of the accounts in momentum space. 00:09:56.000 --> 00:10:03.000 And then, you know, so this is, you know, what happens for, you know, let's go to a situation where this is… 00:10:03.000 --> 00:10:07.000 There's a small tree standalone, okay? In that case, 00:10:07.000 --> 00:10:12.000 The direct cone of Layer 1 and the icon of Layer 2, they are just separated by twist angle, yeah? 00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:17.000 And then, you know, this would be the situation that we would be realized if 00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:21.000 Electrons in one graphene sheet did not know about the other graphene sheet. 00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:25.000 But because when we put caffeine on top of graphene, they're just separated by 3 electrons, this interlayer tunneling, 00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:28.000 And at interlayer tunneling leads to a… 00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:35.000 one repulsion there at that crossing. This is the same as bonding, antibonding states for a hydrogen molecule, but bonding and bonding bands 00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:38.000 for a giant twisty Ballet graphene molecule. 00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:45.000 Now, this is when this interletal is much smaller than the energy of that crossing point, but as you decrease the twist angle, 00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:55.000 Estudiac cones get closer and closer and closer to each other, so this band, which gets pushed down to lower energy, gets pushed down to lower and lower and lower energy, until… 00:10:55.000 --> 00:11:02.000 at some point, you know, it touches zero, okay? We say that a flatland condition is reached at the magic angle. You know, this magic angle was… 00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:05.000 The term was coined by Vistus and Madonna, 00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:15.000 But I wanted to point out, you know, that, you know, there were very interesting experiments here, done by IPA, okay, where they had actually, you know, earlier experiments, they had seen, by looking 00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:29.000 And I twisted my layography sample grown by my colleague King Cole, my CBD, with different regions with different twist angles, and already in that paper, even collaborators, they showed that this van Hoff singularity is, you know, 00:11:29.000 --> 00:11:37.000 that occur at an energy which defensive actually seem to go to zero at an angle which was, you know, very close to 1.1 degrees. 00:11:37.000 --> 00:11:40.000 So, this… 00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:45.000 is a single particle prediction, okay? The fact that you have these flat bands, 00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:52.000 Okay, something that you can predict with single particle physics, and it's already very interesting, and as I said, there was also a little work 00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:57.000 So, you know, in these years, you know, there was a lot of activity, and this already… 00:11:57.000 --> 00:12:02.000 got pretty much experimentally and theoretically determined that those flat bonds could exist. 00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:05.000 Yep. Now, 00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:13.000 This is, you know, that was a, you know, I showed before a cartoon in the background. This is an actual calculation of the flat bands. 00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:16.000 you know, one cut, in one dimension, energy versus momentum. 00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:26.000 These are the flat bands on the space. Now, if you want to look at, you know, what happens when the electrons are placed on those flat paths, okay? Where do they go, actually, in real space? 00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:33.000 To go between momentum space and real space, you have to do a Fourier transform, and the Fourier transform of a very extended object is a highly picked object. 00:12:33.000 --> 00:12:39.000 So it turns out those electrons in those photons, they tend to like to go to regions where, locally, 00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:42.000 Your moral path then looks like this, like AA stacking. 00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:46.000 And then these regions are separated by regions of A, B, and BA stacking. 00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:53.000 So, schematically, you know, magic angle twisted Valleography looks like this. You have these regions of AA stacking 00:12:53.000 --> 00:12:55.000 which I have colored here in yellow, 00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:59.000 Separated by about 13 nanometers at 1.1 degrees. 00:12:59.000 --> 00:13:04.000 And electrons are going to like to be there, okay? And then they're separated by these other regions where they do not like to be so much. 00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:12.000 So, this is sort of going to form an analog of a triangular frame. We have a lattice of the cold atoms tied, okay? 00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:17.000 It's not quite that, you know, first of all, it's not triangular, it's holy cum, because A, B, and BA are not the same. 00:13:17.000 --> 00:13:34.000 In this particular, uh, this stacking, uh, you stack AA, right? Everything in there, no, in those yellow regions, locally, it looks like AA is tagging. Of course, in reality, there's still a small two stack. But when you didn't twist it, it is just A, 8… 00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:51.000 There is 1.1 degrees, you see the yellow and the red? If it's not twisted, it's not AA, no, it's A. The power is AB, okay. The natural stacking of biodropene is pronounced second apien. 00:13:51.000 --> 00:14:03.000 So, I also put Fermihara here in quotes, because the electronic structure of magical electricity has very interesting topological properties that prevent the direct mapping to a regular Fermic Hall of bodies. 00:14:03.000 --> 00:14:12.000 Okay? But, you know, this is not a place of inspiration, you know, we don't want to put the electrons there, they don't interact, and let's see what happens. 00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:18.000 Alright, so what, you know, we, you know, published in 2018, you know, with the fact that 00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:24.000 when you put a number of, you know, electrons, in this case 2 electrons or 2 holes per motor unit cell in this system, 00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:29.000 to find a correlated insulator state, you know? In principle, to the pan insulator, 00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:42.000 you need to put 4 electrons, 4 holes, or 4 electrons per more unit cell, that's a regular single particle insulator, but you put two electrons or two holes per motor unit cell, your conductance is also zero. This is something that happens only 00:14:42.000 --> 00:14:45.000 in a relatively narrow 00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:50.000 angular range around the magic angle, okay? So these are… 00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:57.000 unusual correlations. You did expect them in single-particle physics, but it happened due to many other correlations, and… 00:14:57.000 --> 00:15:03.000 If you drop a little bit away from the correlative insulator state, you find electrically tunable superconductivity, superconducting those. 00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:07.000 So that's something that happened, you know, a while ago now. 00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:10.000 And… 00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:19.000 For a little bit, you know, initially, people were wondering, is magic angle twisted monography an exception? This one case, and there's nothing else like that, you know, and that's isolated, very… 00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:22.000 you know, singular system, or are there other… 00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:25.000 Morales superconductors that exist, okay? 00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:30.000 And by now, you know, we know that the answer to this question is there are actually 00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:36.000 20 others, okay? What's like the yield on the super connectivity relative to the… 00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:42.000 So, OBGL. So, yeah. So… 00:15:42.000 --> 00:15:46.000 If you make a high-quality sample, you always see insulators and superconductivity. 00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:53.000 If the sample is a bit disordered, superconductivity, all it has to do is find a percolating superconducting path. 00:15:53.000 --> 00:15:58.000 Whereas the installator, you have to block the current everywhere, right? So, it is in general easier, and… 00:15:58.000 --> 00:16:01.000 The angular extent. 00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:05.000 It's a bit easier to find superconductivity than insulators, but I think it's… 00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:09.000 Probably mostly because of this author, okay? Thank you. Yeah. 00:16:09.000 --> 00:16:14.000 And the whole versus electrons? Is that…? The strongest? 00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:19.000 By now, this phase diagram has been measured by many, many people. I didn't show in our original paper, in fact, 00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:22.000 We only saw supernova, but these are around… 00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:24.000 This dome, 00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:34.000 Okay? And actually, this is a very low… this is something in the… in, you know, M2, actually, the 105 is actually much higher TC, but it's not shown here. This is the first one that we showed in the paper. 00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:37.000 But the supercontacting dome 00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:43.000 at minus 2, minus the… at filling factor of 2 holes, and you add a few extra holes, 00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:46.000 is always the strongest for the bilayer case. 00:16:46.000 --> 00:16:49.000 Okay? The second strongest is the one at 00:16:49.000 --> 00:16:51.000 plus 2 plus delta. 00:16:51.000 --> 00:16:54.000 Which, although we didn't see it in this first experiment, 00:16:54.000 --> 00:17:01.000 But then, you know, the group of Andrea and Coritin saw it in their… in the first paper, they reproduced some results, they saw it. 00:17:01.000 --> 00:17:05.000 And we saw it, you know, and by now we see it's very recurring, okay? 00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:08.000 There is a twist-angle dependence for all of this, okay? 00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:11.000 So some, you know, 00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:18.000 This one is the second strongest, but not always seamless, that's quite a bit on twist angle. And then, these other domes are… 00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:23.000 2 minus delta, or minus 2 plus delta, that you need, you know, very fine-tuned, okay? 00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:26.000 You don't always see them. 00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:34.000 Yep. I do have a feeling of whether these two superconducting phases are qualitatively similar, or are they distinct? They… 00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:40.000 We think that they are similar, okay? For example, the degeneracy… let me actually… 00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:44.000 This one, although here you see similar disease, 00:17:44.000 --> 00:17:50.000 In the majority of the samples, it's like this, okay? It's, you know, slip 1 is 100 millikelvin, and the other one is a Kelvin02. 00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:55.000 Okay, so this was an unusual… and this is because it's 116 degrees. 00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:59.000 We know that by now we have mapped 00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:02.000 Optimum dropping PEC as a function of twist angle. 00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:13.000 And 108 degrees, 109 degrees is the maximum, and we tend to make samples trying to focus on that, because we want to have the biggest superconductivity, so most of the studies have been actually around there, okay? 00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:19.000 But if I compare this one, minus 2, minus delta, with the one at plus 2 plus delta, 00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:22.000 They seem very similar. 00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:31.000 Although the theses are different, both have a degeneracy of 2 in the carriers, okay? You know that both, you know, it's a state where out of the four flavors, 00:18:31.000 --> 00:18:40.000 You know, after it's been up on KK prime, two are contributing to the superconductivity. We have to fill it out to, and so on. They share many, many similarities. 00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:45.000 Okay, but it's true that the theses are different, and a few other things are different, so… 00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:49.000 We suspected to send this less strong of a mechanism, one versus the other, but… 00:18:49.000 --> 00:18:52.000 Potentially be different. But given its whole… 00:18:52.000 --> 00:19:03.000 This genericity negative here means how diesel. S-hole, right? On the right side, it's electric. Here is electrons, here is gold. Alright? 00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:08.000 All right, so… 00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:13.000 So, now we know that there are plenty others, and the first one that was discovered after an MATBG was 00:19:13.000 --> 00:19:18.000 M-A-T-T-G. My middle symmetric magic angle twisted triliography. 00:19:18.000 --> 00:19:26.000 Okay? So, this is a geometry where you have 3 graphene sheets on top of each other, so you have one graphing sheet, 00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:34.000 And you put the second at an angle theta, and then you put the third at an angle minus theta with respect to the second, so parallel to the first one. 00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:36.000 Okay. This is… 00:19:36.000 --> 00:19:46.000 Uh, you know, something that, you know, both my group and the group of Philip Kim, you, you know, we published back-to-back papers in Nature and Science the same week, you know, showing that this is 00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:57.000 No. A very interesting superconnecting system. Actually, maybe a little bit more interesting than the magical divider itself, it's much more tunable, and it's more strongly coupled. 00:19:57.000 --> 00:20:01.000 Let me tell you a little bit about this system. So… 00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:05.000 This geometry was proposed, actually, theoretically first. 00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.000 the, you know, in fact, in this paper by the Ashwin Viswanath group, 00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:16.000 My Islam Khalaf, they proposed up to infinite number of layers, this alternating twist geometry, what would be the angles, the conditions, 00:20:16.000 --> 00:20:25.000 to get flatbands, okay? So again, it's a single particle physics calculation. It wasn't clear if they were going to superconduct, but then, you know, we made the samples and they superconducted. 00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:32.000 And then… so this geometry is A, twisted A socket, okay? So, the first and the last layer, they're exactly… 00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:37.000 not only parallel, but aligned, in principle. Okay? And then the middle layer is twisted. 00:20:37.000 --> 00:20:50.000 So, there was, you know, a lot of other work on meter symmetric MATG, on twisted trilayer, multi-layer systems, so on, and actually, by now, you know, I think this slide is from many years ago. By now, there are hundreds of papers about this, okay? 00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:55.000 Alright, so this system is very interesting, because… 00:20:55.000 --> 00:21:00.000 Remember I told you that, you know, this magical condition depends on this interlayer tunneling between the two layers? 00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:06.000 Now that you have 3 layers, you have tunnel limit between layer 1 and 2, and between layer 2 and 3, and it turns out 00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:14.000 If you, you know, look at the Hamiltonian of the system, you can… that, you know, you can do a basis transformation, and it becomes blob diagonal. 00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:18.000 Well, one block is Magic Under Twisted by Leiography, like… 00:21:18.000 --> 00:21:21.000 But with a square root of 2, 00:21:21.000 --> 00:21:27.000 normalized tunneling between the layers, and there is a monolayography block. 00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:30.000 Okay? So, because… 00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:36.000 The magical condition depends on this interior tunneling, and now we have the square root of 2, that means that the magic angle for the trilayer case 00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:40.000 is the one for the bilayer times square root of 2. So the magic angle is, 00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.000 you know, 1.56 degrees instead of 1.1 degrees, okay? 00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:52.000 Now, this means also that the motor wavelength, instead of being 13 nanometers, is now the angle is a little bit larger, it's actually shorter. 00:21:52.000 --> 00:22:00.000 When I went to this about 9 nanometers. That might perhaps be a little bit responsible for why the cutting is so very stuck in the project. 00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:08.000 Now, the electronic structure at zero electric displacement film, when you respect the middle symmetry structurally N. 00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:15.000 Electrically? Looks like this. These are the flat bands of the magic angle bilayer sector, and this is the Dirac cone. 00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:18.000 from the monolayer sector, okay? 00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:21.000 Now, in our devices, 00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:26.000 We have our magic angle-tested trilographene with, you know, a whole bunch of geometry, and we have 00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:31.000 Two electrodes, which we call gate electrodes, top and bottom gate electrodes. 00:22:31.000 --> 00:22:41.000 With these two electrons, we can independently control the charge density in a trilayer and a transverse electric field displacement field. 00:22:41.000 --> 00:22:44.000 That breaks the middle symmetry. 00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:47.000 So we can break that middle symmetry now in a… 00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:50.000 in a tunable way. And that means that… 00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.000 Only when the displacement field is zero, you have this 00:22:54.000 --> 00:22:56.000 you know, run diagonal, and therefore uncoupled 00:22:56.000 --> 00:23:08.000 When you apply it now to the displacement field, the electronic structure now gets hybridized, okay? And that degree of hybridization is actually tunable with the strength of the spring string flow. 00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:20.000 Okay, so now, if you measure these devices, and because this is relatively old news, I want to focus on newer data. This is just a summary of this. You're welcome to check this paper out, but if you miss resistance, 00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:26.000 You know, assistance, you know, the system is a superconductor, flat voltage current characteristics, you can see… 00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:32.000 patterns is a electrically tunable superconductor, not only with filling factor, with density, but also 00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:37.000 Now we have these type of maps, where we have filling factor on one… 00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:43.000 side, okay, from minus 4 to plus 4, again, this 4 comes from electron spin up, spin down by KK prime. 00:23:43.000 --> 00:23:54.000 So, this is the entirety of the flatland region, but then we also have the displacement field. And as you can see, in this plot, this light blue region is superconductivity, you can see that superconductivity occurs mostly 00:23:54.000 --> 00:24:06.000 Fair. Two holes plus extra holes, minus 2, minus delta, or 2 plus delta, but there is also spot connectivity with displacement field and weak superconductivity near displacement… zero displacement field. 00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:14.000 In other regions, okay? And this is all tunable with the displacement field. 00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:25.000 Okay. These systems, you know, usually the way in physics we compare how strong a superconductor is, is, you know, not just the absolute value of TC, which is very important, especially for applications, but what 00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:34.000 is the value of TC compared with what is the value of the Fermi temperature? That tells you, in a more physics way, how strong, actually, a superconductor is. 00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:44.000 And this is something which is known as Uemura Plat. I don't know why, in some versions of my talk, the reference appears, in others, it doesn't. This is Tomo Amura from Colombia, you know? And… 00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:53.000 is in a log lock scale, you know, you have TC here, and Fermi temperature here, which is density normalized, you know, so that we can put 2D and 3D systems together. 00:24:53.000 --> 00:24:58.000 So, unconvention, you know, conventional superconductors like aluminum, they tend to be here. 00:24:58.000 --> 00:25:01.000 in this corner, you know, you have… 00:25:01.000 --> 00:25:05.000 gigantic Fermit temperatures and relatively… 00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:07.000 you know, low disease, critical temperatures. 00:25:07.000 --> 00:25:14.000 When you move diagonally in this direction, in this purple bound, you find all of the unconventional supercontractors, okay? You have the cuprates, 00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:18.000 You have the organics, you have the nictites, the heavy fermions, you know. 00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:21.000 Magic angle bilayer and trilayer are here. 00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:24.000 They are the strongest couple superconductors that we know. 00:25:24.000 --> 00:25:32.000 Okay. We don't know how can it be that a system that has… again, we add a fraction of an electron every 10 nanometer… 00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:40.000 by 10 nanometers, right? We don't know how can it be that such a diluted electronic system has diseases that are actually bigger than aluminum. 00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:43.000 We don't know how come the repairing glue 00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:49.000 or the tenthalayer. 00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:55.000 is so strong. If the coupres, you know, everything else being equal, if we had this coupling strength, 00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:00.000 at, you know, firmly temperatures of the cupres, this would be well above room temperature. 00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.000 Okay. So that's one of the mysteries, okay? 00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:07.000 of the field. Now, 00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:11.000 It turns out, in this paper, Halaf and 00:26:11.000 --> 00:26:18.000 co-workers not only predicted for 3 layers, but they predicted for infinite number of layers in this alternating twist geometry, okay? 00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:21.000 And we made samples for, you know, 00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:29.000 And Mr., you know, this is shown resistivity versus temperature for our highest, you know, at optimum dopamine for our best sample, so the highest theses. 00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:37.000 So, for the case of, you know, Magic Under the bilayer, the trilayer, the tetra layer, the pentalayer, okay? 00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:41.000 This is a family of superconductors, okay? 00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:47.000 Probably, if you keep doing 6, 7, 8 players, they will also supercontact. You know, we, you know, I could only ask my students to build 5, you know, that's the most… 00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:49.000 they were willing to do it. 00:26:49.000 --> 00:26:55.000 So, from, um… I just wonder behind the scenes how this is done. So, none of these transitions are sharp. 00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:58.000 Where do you define DC when you look at this? Oh, yeah. 00:26:58.000 --> 00:27:02.000 Typically, if we look at TVKT behavior, so there. In the film, 00:27:02.000 --> 00:27:05.000 Until this work, I would say, or maybe… 00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:08.000 PCs varied a lot, because some people took onset, 00:27:08.000 --> 00:27:11.000 And there is a… 00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:18.000 The width of this thing, because this is 2D, and you have a very loot system, and so on, but there's also width, because ensembles are very disorder. Sometimes, 00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:26.000 DC, you know, VKT would be 1 Kelvin, but the onset starts, I don't know where, you know, 7 Kelvin, and people would say, I have a 7 kelvin superconductor, so… 00:27:26.000 --> 00:27:32.000 After all this confusion, in my group, we decided, okay, we're just gonna go look at the… when does it dive in? 00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:35.000 you know, you want to see it all, okay? So… 00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:41.000 That's why, typically, I say now that, you know, maximum TC for these water systems is about, you know, 2. 00:27:41.000 --> 00:27:46.000 Between 2 and 2.5 Kelvin. So you chose max TC in all of these plots? 00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:51.000 Yes, optimal doping, yeah. Yeah, so in conjunction with this question, so… 00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:53.000 You're beautiful data. 00:27:53.000 --> 00:27:58.000 The other one shows a more PKT-type, very broad radiation. Yeah. 00:27:58.000 --> 00:28:09.000 This… the larger you have… I have… I don't, you know, in the earlier version of this talk, you know, before… because now I want to tell you about other stuff, but I go in detail through the electronic structure for 2, 3, 4, 5 layers. 00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:13.000 You keep adding words. This decomposition of a block 00:28:13.000 --> 00:28:18.000 You know, you do a basis transformation, and you get… you always get one block? 00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:20.000 Which is magic, I'll violate your like. 00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:23.000 But then you have additional blocks 00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:33.000 which are additional twisted by layer but large angle for every pair of layers additional that you have, and if you have an odd number of layers, always a monolayer at the end. 00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:38.000 So, for example, for 5 layers, magic kind of twisted pentalegraphing has… 00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:41.000 flat bans from… 00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:47.000 bilayer, large angle twisted bilayer graphene-like bunch, and a monolayered electron top. 00:28:47.000 --> 00:28:53.000 All those extra bands that appear contribute to conductance, you know. So, it's normal that this thing keeps lowering down. 00:28:53.000 --> 00:29:03.000 Because you have a lot of extra channels conducted in addition to the flat ones. Some of the key theory remains almost the same. That's right. So that means interlayer companies… Let me… 00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:06.000 Let me actually show you even one thing which is more, you know, 00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:14.000 In our original paper, we posted this, you know, you can check this thing. We had 2, 3, 4, and a very anticlimactic 00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:17.000 five layers, you know, device with much lower TC. 00:29:17.000 --> 00:29:25.000 We thought, well, that's it, we were hoping to see if it would increase, but it doesn 00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:28.000 Two songs? No other lady. 00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:31.000 195 minus 195. 195 minus 185. 00:29:31.000 --> 00:29:36.000 Which was, in the Ezan Khalaf paper, they predicted magic angle for 5 layers. 00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:41.000 Okay? So then, I'm sitting in my office, and I get a phone call from Ashwin. He tells me, Pablo, you know what? 00:29:41.000 --> 00:29:43.000 We have ridden our calculations, 00:29:43.000 --> 00:29:46.000 It turns out if you include relaxation, 00:29:46.000 --> 00:29:51.000 The twist angle for temporal layer changes from 1.95 to 1.8-something, you know. 00:29:51.000 --> 00:29:56.000 Can you measure it? I'm like, actually, you know how long it takes to make a sample! 00:29:56.000 --> 00:29:58.000 that Paula, do it, please. 00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:01.000 My student Jane, 00:30:01.000 --> 00:30:20.000 very dedicated, I asked Jake, do you mind making a sample, a little bit? It works, okay? I don't know if it is, because the theory is that good, or it's something else, okay? Maybe this sample was more dissolved, I don 00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:22.000 So, but the magic angles! 00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:29.000 saturate. And actually, desaturate is something interesting here. There's a lot of magic in this film. Saturated the golden ratio, actually. 00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:32.000 So, the more I wave flames, 00:30:32.000 --> 00:30:38.000 The biggest jump is between 2 and 3. A bit smaller jump to 4, and then 5, and then it saturates quickly. 00:30:38.000 --> 00:30:47.000 Okay? So it's not that we are, for example, thinking, oh, we're, you know, compressing this, and I'm writing the diagonal in the Wimura plot. No, you write very little, you know, in terms of… 00:30:47.000 --> 00:30:57.000 model with, okay? So, it's not something, you know, people told me, oh, if you put now 100 layers, are you gonna get, you know, 100 Kelvin superconductor? Probably not, you know, at least not. 00:30:57.000 --> 00:31:00.000 with this trick, because, you know, 00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:07.000 It doesn't work that way, yeah. You understand the normal state, why it's the resistance is so… 00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:10.000 you know, changing within. 00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:16.000 Change it with one, sorry? With player number, like, you're going from… Yeah, I mentioned it, maybe I wasn't completely clear. 00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:19.000 Two layers, you only have the flat ones. 00:31:19.000 --> 00:31:25.000 Okay? After hearing temperature, it goes linear in the resistivity is strange by now. 00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:34.000 strongly. In fact, if you suppressive, there's linearity the other way to see it also, okay? So that also we published that is a different paper, and several other groups can show it, too. 00:31:34.000 --> 00:31:37.000 Through the years, you get flatman and mas de la. 00:31:37.000 --> 00:31:43.000 So now you have extra careers that don't need to do… behave the same as the ones they flatline. 00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:46.000 For four layers, you have flatlands and… 00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:56.000 From 5 layers, you have flatmans, the actual noticeable layer of it, and modulator. So you keep adding channels that conduct, and therefore the resistance of resistance. 00:31:56.000 --> 00:32:00.000 Sorry? The show bins aren't flat. That aren't flat, yes. 00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:02.000 Yep. Do you have other… 00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:10.000 pro… measurements that support these beautiful transport ones that show superconductivity. I'm gonna show them to you, okay? But this, you know, 00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:19.000 We have done, you know, from pad is just a solid effect, AC justice on effect, everything. Every pro of superconnectivity, you want to throw at it. 00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:30.000 Because, of course, transport is very nice, but we have to be careful. Yeah, yeah, yeah. In the… again, this is, you know, the advanced seminar, you know, not the introductory one. There, we go to the justice and effect, you know, we have made justice and judges, 00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:37.000 It's nice because they are tunable, so you can, you know, in the same material, you can make it superconductor, but now put a narrow 00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:43.000 finger gate and put it in the middle, make it insulator, and then you see that just an effect from an insult, from a SMS junction. 00:32:43.000 --> 00:32:50.000 You apply microwaves and you make sure the AC super clear steps, you know, everything. Thank you. 00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:59.000 This 2D superconductors don't exhibit the Meisson effect, because penetration… I mean, there's always penetration, which is too deep, okay? So, they are a little special. 00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:06.000 But they just have sort of effect still works. It works, actually, in a nice way, because there's this thing called the Perlance 00:33:06.000 --> 00:33:12.000 You know, which is different, and it has to also be measured as well. Okay, thank you. 00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:15.000 Okay, so let me tell you about more recent stuff. 00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.000 So, you know, this phase diagram of magical graphene is… 00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:24.000 quite complex, as is often the case for correlated materials, okay? 00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:33.000 And one of the things that has attracted us, still attracts the most attention, is the superconductivity, because it's, you know, it's very likely unconventional, it looks very weird, and so on. 00:33:33.000 --> 00:33:40.000 So, having a number of experiments, we're typically using different things, and we wanted to see if we can do, you know, 00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:46.000 Use two techniques, in particular transport and panelistic spectroscopy, applying it to the same exact sample, 00:33:46.000 --> 00:33:49.000 In fact, at the same time, 00:33:49.000 --> 00:33:52.000 Thank you. So… 00:33:52.000 --> 00:33:58.000 This is the platform that we came up with. It's pretty much that we came up with, you know? Let me guide you through it. 00:33:58.000 --> 00:34:01.000 So, we have in this case, two 00:34:01.000 --> 00:34:03.000 Magic angle, twisted telegraphy inside. 00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:06.000 The bottom magic angle… 00:34:06.000 --> 00:34:09.000 trial year, so 3 layers here. A top… 00:34:09.000 --> 00:34:12.000 magic and electron layer, so 3 layers here. 00:34:12.000 --> 00:34:15.000 Okay? We have… 00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:22.000 dielectric and a gate, dialectic and a gate, so we can control the density of carriers in each of the magic angle five layers. 00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:25.000 separate thing, okay? 00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:28.000 And then we have almost everywhere, a thick 00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:31.000 you know, take many… a few nanometers. 00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:35.000 insulator, so that they are electrically decoupled, except in a region… 00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:37.000 you know, hole here. 00:34:37.000 --> 00:34:40.000 Where we have only 3 layers, 00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.000 That's a 1 nanometer tunnel barrier between these two. 00:34:44.000 --> 00:34:50.000 magic angle samples, okay? So this is a 12-layer… 00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:56.000 you know, when it was transferred with 6 angles that you have to get right, okay? So it's actually quite… 00:34:56.000 --> 00:35:01.000 This is the peak of my group's fabrication, you know, skills process. 00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:08.000 And now, each of these magic and control layers, we have whole bar geometry, so we can do intra… 00:35:08.000 --> 00:35:11.000 Magic angle trilial transport. 00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:14.000 And we can do also inter… 00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:19.000 Magic Agatella here, traveling spectroscopy. Transport, traveling in transport between the two layers. 00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:22.000 Okay? Is the geometry clear? 00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:25.000 Now, 00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:28.000 So, here is the transport through each of the two layers. 00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:31.000 Yeah, so the resistivity… 00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:36.000 to the top layer, you know, versus bucket and topgate features 00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:45.000 depend only on the top gate, because that's the gate, you know, the bottom layer is the screening, you know, and that's why all of the features are vertical. They're a little bit at random, there's a little bit too penetration. 00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:54.000 dark means superconductivity, as you can see, the two superconducting domes for filling factor, you know, minus 2, minus delta, and 2 plus delta, mostly, okay? 00:35:54.000 --> 00:36:00.000 And, you know, Chad Travis is big, you know, the resistance speaks from filen facto 4a minus 4, etc. 00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:06.000 This is for the top magic output layer, and we can do the same thing for the bottom magical layer. We have less gate voltage, 00:36:06.000 --> 00:36:10.000 range, but we still see the superconductivity as well, okay? 00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.000 If you're regular, it should be the same, right? The angle. 00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:19.000 Well, you know, go ahead and say anything, I should be the same. 00:36:19.000 --> 00:36:22.000 theory predicts a magic angle. 00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:25.000 Experimentally, there is a narrow range of angles 00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:33.000 Under which magic happens, meaning superconductivity, okay? And in this case, the angles are slightly different, but both the passes fail. 00:36:33.000 --> 00:36:39.000 And you're two, um, land insulators are not equally sharp here. That's right, they never are. 00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:45.000 By the way, moreover, intra-layer, they're not even insulated, because there's also the master in a cone conductive. 00:36:45.000 --> 00:37:00.000 Okay. Is there any difference in intentional, or do we have… No, no, no, it's not intentional. You know, we may have two devices, and… You know, most people tell me, amazing, you could make two devices, and both. I know you're picking up. 00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:11.000 We're not that good, okay? We're good enough to make two devices both superconduct. Actually, we have not been mentioned several times, but, you know, we intended to be… the intention is to make it the same. 00:37:11.000 --> 00:37:21.000 We intended to make two superconducting devices. So, in principle, the same. Yeah, and then put some of the angle… It's a little bit different, because, you know, publications are configured. 00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:26.000 Okay? Good. I was just curious if you could measure the angle between the two TTGs. 00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:32.000 We don't have that information. It would be very good, as we have discussed earlier. We don't have that. Nowadays, 00:37:32.000 --> 00:37:37.000 we can, in principle, do it in fabrication. When we do fabrication now, we image the moralities. 00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:44.000 You had improved techniques. Nowadays, we can actually keep track of that, yeah, so… 00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:49.000 At the time, we, you know, we didn't think about keeping track of that. 00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:53.000 scientists, there's two layers, tuition directions the same. 00:37:53.000 --> 00:37:57.000 Well, it's alternating twist. So in both cases, it's alternating twist. 00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:07.000 Yeah, the structure can be… the middle layer can be left or right-handed, is that what you mean? Okay, well, top line and bottom lines, we have the same two states. 00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:11.000 Okay, we're not aware… 00:38:11.000 --> 00:38:13.000 Well, the difference between doing… 00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:19.000 this and this, or doing this and this? No, I understand. Each one is elected, but these two sets. 00:38:19.000 --> 00:38:28.000 Yes. I don't know if we have that information to let the students registered in which direction they were twisting them in. 00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:39.000 No, if you keep traveling to Angles Island, you're taking… so you find an angle out… No, let me tell you. We measure this angle by the location of this… 00:38:39.000 --> 00:38:48.000 Make sure after you've made the box. Nowadays, we can actually keep track of it during fabrication. We mentioned the more reputors, and we'll look at what the angle is doing in fabrication. 00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:52.000 But not by the time we had all these synthesis. Okay. 00:38:52.000 --> 00:39:00.000 All right, so now, there are good reasons that you can only imagine for why we wanted to have superconductors and superconductor space by an insulator and so on. 00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:06.000 But we found out that, you know, for this first study, it was simpler to just keep 00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:14.000 Now, the backgate voltage made one of the magic electron layers be a normal metallic electrode, boring metallic electrode, 00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:16.000 You know, that we used to tunnel into… 00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:28.000 the other state, which is superconductor, and then look at… that was already quite complicated, okay? And then, you know, in the future, we will do super, super, right? I'm sure you're going to talk about this, but can you use one to screen the other? 00:39:28.000 --> 00:39:32.000 But as you can look at DC increasing with the metallicity of the other? 00:39:32.000 --> 00:39:34.000 In principle, yes. 00:39:34.000 --> 00:39:40.000 The fact is very, very weak, okay? You're familiar with this report by, um… By Leo Li. 00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:46.000 And also, and Guy. Recently by Guy. In the worldwide guy, the link was… 00:39:46.000 --> 00:39:54.000 Well, actually, an additional one, but… Ginila is the user 20,000 analytic constant material, you know, STO. 00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:57.000 Guy they put on top of flatband to screen it. 00:39:57.000 --> 00:40:00.000 The work by Leo Lee, the… 00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:05.000 Curability was a further less than 10% of… it was tiny, okay? 00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:07.000 storage in time increase. 00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:11.000 And that was not literally, that was Junila. 00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:15.000 If that is getting higher? 00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:23.000 You're posters to put that. Um… 00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:32.000 I mean, that would mean, here, right, at some bucket voltage, right, minus 8 volts, superconducting within the TC is higher there than there, I'm not sure that we have checked that, okay? 00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:35.000 Yeah. 00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:43.000 Okay, very good. Okay, so now I'm going to do interlayer transport, so kindly measurements, okay? I choose my bucket here. 00:40:43.000 --> 00:40:47.000 So that, you know, the… 00:40:47.000 --> 00:40:53.000 bottom layer is in the normal state, and then I'm gonna look… do spectroscopy of the top layer by variative token. 00:40:53.000 --> 00:40:57.000 Okay. Alright, so… 00:40:57.000 --> 00:41:00.000 We use the bottom magic initial layer as a tunnel probe, 00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:08.000 for the top Magic Island trailer here, yeah? So, if you do that, and you measure the differential conductor, the tunnel conductance, versus 00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:13.000 top grade, and versus interlayer bias. You can think of this as the STM voltage tip. 00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:17.000 Alright, this CLT voltage, okay? 00:41:17.000 --> 00:41:23.000 Did bias. You see that, you know, there is a, you know, complex pattern of things. 00:41:23.000 --> 00:41:36.000 You know, for those of you that are familiar with this field, you will recognize immediately that this is… these are the flat bands when the chemical potential is away from the flat bands, which then broaden when the chemical potential is in the flat band, and this is the cascade of phase transitions, and so on, okay? 00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:45.000 you know, if you compare with actual STN done magic and nutritional graphene, this is what it looks like. This is from the group of Stefan Notch Perch, and you can see these are the flat bands, 00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.000 they broaden, and you have the cascades of phase transitions, and so on, okay? 00:41:49.000 --> 00:41:55.000 peers, you will see that there is a 15 millivolt feature going through here that you're very interested. We also see it, okay? 00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:58.000 It's… it's… it's… everyone says it, okay? 00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:05.000 Now, um… alright, so, so this is Than Lin, and again, we are averaging over a micron… 00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:08.000 you know, a circle over the diameter one micro, not just one… 00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:14.000 spot, right? So, actually, I was… you know, we didn't know if we were going to see anything at all, you know, we were actually quite happy when we saw this. 00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:17.000 Alright, so… 00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:20.000 We can do these standardly measurements, 00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:27.000 Okay, you see the cascade, you see these are regions which are… we're gonna zoom in into those regions in a moment, okay? 00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:34.000 In fact, here it is, okay? If you go, rather than having this, you know, plus-minus 50 millivolts, now you go to plus-minus 0.4 millivolts. 00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:36.000 You see these dark regions, 00:42:36.000 --> 00:42:39.000 where the respective states? 00:42:39.000 --> 00:42:41.000 you know, much lower. 00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:47.000 And now, the interesting thing about this geometry that we have is that we can measure 00:42:47.000 --> 00:42:57.000 The resistance through the same sample that we're measuring during the television, okay? And we can see that there is these regions of zero resistance, the superconducting state, 00:42:57.000 --> 00:43:06.000 Which coincide the gate voltage range of the superconnected regions is the same gate voltage range over which we see that depletion of the tally decisive states. 00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:13.000 So we know, which is… that's something that wasn't present before, you know. They have the STM statics and the separate 00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:18.000 And you see a gap in STM, and you want, is it super in the gap, or is it the quality is a little gap, or is it… 00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:22.000 Other than that, okay? Now we… here we know. This guy… 00:43:22.000 --> 00:43:26.000 occurs in the same gateway strains as the device in transport is superconducted. 00:43:26.000 --> 00:43:29.000 Okay. 00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:37.000 So, and, you know, you can do… you can look at all of this evolutions, I show you in a moment, okay, all this evolution in detail about how these gaps evolve here, and so on. 00:43:37.000 --> 00:43:40.000 Okay. 00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.000 Now, let's now zoom out a little bit to intermediate. 00:43:44.000 --> 00:43:47.000 Energy skills, plus minus 10 millivolts, okay? 00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:52.000 So, there are two gaps in the system, okay? 00:43:52.000 --> 00:43:59.000 One is this one, I hope you can see the dashed red lines here, okay? That's a very obvious one. 00:43:59.000 --> 00:44:05.000 But there's also these ones, okay? And then, because color scales, you know, it's not easy, 00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:11.000 Especially for non-experimentalists to decipher them. Let me show you line cut here. 00:44:11.000 --> 00:44:17.000 So we have these two peaks here, a high-energy gap structure, 00:44:17.000 --> 00:44:19.000 And then we have this inner 00:44:19.000 --> 00:44:25.000 dip here, okay? With many, very small, but many coherent species. You'll see in a moment. Okay? 00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:32.000 So, we have… it's higher energy gap and this low energy cap, and they have about an order of magnitude difference in energy. 00:44:32.000 --> 00:44:37.000 Okay? This is an older point one variables, the other ones are more than 1 million. 00:44:37.000 --> 00:44:44.000 Now, let's look at temperature dependence, magnetic field dependence, etc. These structures. Then the sun is superior. 00:44:44.000 --> 00:45:01.000 Remember, we can do transport at the same time, you know, and when we change with gate voltage, we can look at all of this, the tunneling and the transport, the tunneling rate voltages, etc. So if we measured resistivity versus temperature, okay, at a particular feeling factor that I showed in the previous plot, yeah, we see this thing, okay? 00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:04.000 TBKT, this filling factor, is about . 00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:09.000 Okay. Then we can look at the temperature dependence. 00:45:09.000 --> 00:45:12.000 of the cannon spectroscopy, and we see that this 00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:16.000 inner gap, the low-energy gap, 00:45:16.000 --> 00:45:18.000 builds up very fast. 00:45:18.000 --> 00:45:22.000 Okay? In fact, on the scale of TC, it fills up. 00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:26.000 But this outer energy gap structure barely changes. 00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:29.000 you know, on the scale of… 00:45:29.000 --> 00:45:32.000 TC. You have to go… 00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:38.000 to much higher temperatures for it to evolve. Okay, about an order of magnitude higher temperature. 00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:46.000 Okay? So the lower energy gap is substantially suppressed at low temperatures with the cochlear peaks fading away around the sea. 00:45:46.000 --> 00:45:52.000 While the high energy gap persists to much higher temperatures, at to border 8 Kelvin. 00:45:52.000 --> 00:45:58.000 In fact, if you look at the bottom here, and how it evolves with temperature, you can see that it evolves very fast, 00:45:58.000 --> 00:46:02.000 After about DC, and then it evolves very slowly. 00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:07.000 Okay. So, the low energy gap structure follows the temperature… 00:46:07.000 --> 00:46:11.000 you know, dependent behavior of the superconducting state as measured in transport. 00:46:11.000 --> 00:46:14.000 Whereas the high-energy gap structure behaves more like a pseudo-gap. 00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:18.000 The transport above stage. 00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:23.000 Transport? Above, up there, it goes two years to the TV. 00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:28.000 Correct. That we have reported in the past. 00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:30.000 Okay. Now… 00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:39.000 Let's look at the magnetic field depending, okay? So, if you look at resistivity versus pediatric dynamic, they feel, you know, we see that after about 00:46:39.000 --> 00:46:42.000 you know, 30-minute Tesla also, that's a critical problem in the queue. 00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:48.000 Okay? If you look at spectroscopy, you see again that 00:46:48.000 --> 00:46:51.000 On the scale of the critical 00:46:51.000 --> 00:46:54.000 among the Q, as measured by transport, the inner gap 00:46:54.000 --> 00:46:57.000 While the AutoGap 00:46:57.000 --> 00:47:03.000 doesn't change much, okay? In fact, it doesn't change much at all, even after one Tesla. 00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:10.000 Okay. Also, you can bring your higher fills, and it doesn't change much, that structure, okay? 00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:13.000 So the cut gets through quickly at local nuclear fields. 00:47:13.000 --> 00:47:16.000 Together with the suppression of a coherence space, 00:47:16.000 --> 00:47:19.000 Well, the financial app does not have an office perpendicular free dependence, certainly not on the scale that 00:47:19.000 --> 00:47:22.000 Anything matters for conductivity. 00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:26.000 Okay? So again, the low energy gap follows… 00:47:26.000 --> 00:47:28.000 the behavior of the superconducting. 00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:33.000 state estimation by transform, whereas the Heinle gap is not determined. 00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:38.000 Now, this is something that was very popular in the community, you know. 00:47:38.000 --> 00:47:45.000 And, you know, in 2021 and 2022, you know, Ali Yazani and Stefanat Perch, they published papers 00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:52.000 Where they saw a V-type dependence, we would look at the V, you know, at the shape dependence of the bias curves, but 00:47:52.000 --> 00:47:56.000 They said that the shape of this… 00:47:56.000 --> 00:47:58.000 you know, this linear V shape, you know, 00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:04.000 What was evidence for nodal superconductivity in magical andography, okay? 00:48:04.000 --> 00:48:14.000 However, they were very puzzled because they felt in which the dependence was not the expected one, and the magnetic field dependence didn't kill the superconductivity, when we know that in transport, it kills it, right? 00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:20.000 So, it was very possible, in the one hand, they saw the spectroscopy, they knew these gaps occurred. 00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:24.000 In the gatevantage range, where superconductivity 00:48:24.000 --> 00:48:27.000 is supposed to occur, they weren't sure, because they were not measuring the transfer. 00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:29.000 No defe de la facto. 00:48:29.000 --> 00:48:34.000 But they didn't behave like super, you know, like the type of gubs that you have in a superconductor, for example. 00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:36.000 I think having with magnetic field. 00:48:36.000 --> 00:48:38.000 That was very fascinating, and the paper, you know… 00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:41.000 it was very confusing. 00:48:41.000 --> 00:48:43.000 Now we know what is happening. 00:48:43.000 --> 00:48:46.000 In those papers, they were measuring the outer. 00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:48.000 energy gap, not the inner. 00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:51.000 got to be case. 00:48:51.000 --> 00:49:02.000 Is it on top of each other? No, not on top exactly, but you can see that the energy scale is similar. You know, this is also about 1 millivolt, this is about 1… between 1 and 2 millivolts. 00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:07.000 This is not spiritual, so, you know, this is 2 millivolts, okay? 00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:10.000 I'll show you more stuff to recommend on all of that, okay? 00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:12.000 Turns out, also, in, you know, in the culprits, 00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:15.000 It's also quite… 00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:17.000 no one, you know, to see 00:49:17.000 --> 00:49:24.000 Yeah, I should've got to survive, you know, my Vedic fields and a temperature dependence, you know, and a gap that survives 00:49:24.000 --> 00:49:29.000 I'm off DC, okay? So these are things… this is behavior that is similar. 00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:36.000 It's actually different, and I'll show you in a moment. Yeah, it is different. But similar to pseudo-got behavior is out there. 00:49:36.000 --> 00:49:46.000 Yep, very few days of perpendicular to the back. Have you checked to be plus B and minus B? 00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:49.000 Yes? What's the difference you see? 00:49:49.000 --> 00:49:57.000 So, superficially not. If you look at detail, there are all these things about bio defects and all kinds of things and so on. You know, there is… 00:49:57.000 --> 00:50:06.000 you know, there are things which can, you know, details, but we're not sure, you know, that was not the focus of the study, so we didn't take any data. 00:50:06.000 --> 00:50:09.000 Uh, is there a diode involved? 00:50:09.000 --> 00:50:16.000 Yeah. So timer whistle is also good. In these devices, but, you know, Dial Fight, you can get dialified for many reasons, okay? 00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:28.000 Other groups' couples will probably, you know, they are affected in this, but it's tricky, because I affect, you can get… there are many trivial ways of getting eye effect, okay? So, it's… we didn't do a thorough study of it, okay? 00:50:28.000 --> 00:50:34.000 Alright, so now we can do detailed temperature dependent, detailed magnetic field dependence, or the inner gap, the one that we know. 00:50:34.000 --> 00:50:36.000 we can actually see… 00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:40.000 Yep. Is the tunneling kind of momentum concern, elastic tunneling? 00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:44.000 So, we don't know. 00:50:44.000 --> 00:50:47.000 The true trial layer samples, 00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:55.000 are not aligned to the rest of our… I mean, we did not intentionally line them, maybe by luck, but, you know, we have to assume they're not aligned because we did intentionally align them. 00:50:55.000 --> 00:51:01.000 Which would make momentum, you know, not conserving, okay? So, I would assume that it's not… 00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:09.000 conserving, but we don't know. So I guess if they're misaligned in how the tunneling… how does tunneling… And was there something else giving you the momentum? 00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:15.000 We don't know. Okay? Well, not on the edge, because this is a… the circle is in the middle of the sun circle. 00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:21.000 Because it's breaking the… 00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:23.000 Now, it… 00:51:23.000 --> 00:51:33.000 you know, we want to make samples, and of course, you know, now, especially since the development of QT, I'm also the beauty of, you know, momentum construct the idea. 00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:36.000 Alright, so this is the detailed temperature dependence of… 00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:39.000 the, you know, inner calf. 00:51:39.000 --> 00:51:44.000 you know, that was suitable connectivity, right? 00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:49.000 Can we, you know, we have to separate the background of the high-energy gap from 00:51:49.000 --> 00:51:51.000 you know, a lower energy gap. 00:51:51.000 --> 00:51:55.000 For that, we use, you know, because we know what TBKT, we can use 00:51:55.000 --> 00:52:01.000 a trick that was developed for the cuprats, you know, where they also have two gaps, and you can just normalize 00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:06.000 The low temperature data by the high temperature data above, you know, TC, and then you get a much more… 00:52:06.000 --> 00:52:10.000 you know, cleaner, you know, version of the data, okay? 00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:12.000 So, we use the exact same trick. 00:52:12.000 --> 00:52:17.000 You know? And then, this is the normalized DIDV, okay? You can see it has quite… 00:52:17.000 --> 00:52:21.000 V-shaped, okay? And then we fit it, you know, 00:52:21.000 --> 00:52:25.000 Using either S wavegraph or another gap. 00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:33.000 Okay? And then we do that, you know, and we also account for disorder by using a Gaussian distribution of the superintendent caps to come from this order, okay? 00:52:33.000 --> 00:52:38.000 Yeah, we learn all these tricks from the… okay? 00:52:38.000 --> 00:52:42.000 And then, if you fit that, this is the fit for another fit. 00:52:42.000 --> 00:52:48.000 Okay? By playing extensively with all parameters as much as we could, this is the best fit 00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:53.000 for his wife, you know, by playing extensively without parameters, okay? You can see that the nodal fit 00:52:53.000 --> 00:52:59.000 is better than this one. But, you know, this is why it's not like it's a complete disaster, okay? Once you include clothing and so on, 00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:05.000 Now, if you look at the values of the parameter, the parameters to get this best fit in the case of S-Wave are very unrealistic. 00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:14.000 you know, the disorder is much larger, you know, the value of sigma is much larger than the width of the cap itself, and things like that, okay? But let's say allowing for 00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:17.000 Even unrealistic parameters, this is the best that we could do, okay? 00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:20.000 So this is one piece of evidence. 00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:26.000 Okay, I'm going to show you 7, but this one pre-factor effect, there's a pawns to it being a normal superposition. 00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:28.000 Okay. Now… 00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:33.000 In addition to looking at the low temperature effect, you can do now the temperature dependence. 00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:40.000 and look at the temperature dependence, you know, fitting, you know, doing all of the normalized curves, and doing all of the tits. 00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:43.000 And then what you can see is that 00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:46.000 The differential conductors at zero bias, 00:53:46.000 --> 00:53:49.000 down there, it… 00:53:49.000 --> 00:53:51.000 starts to fill, starts to rise, 00:53:51.000 --> 00:53:54.000 Directly from the lowest temperature. 00:53:54.000 --> 00:54:01.000 That is something that is, again, very unusual if you have an S-work superconductor, but it's very normal if you have a 00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:05.000 Not the supercontact. If you have no superconductor, as soon as you… 00:54:05.000 --> 00:54:10.000 Turn up the temperature. UX particles, because there's no gas. D waves venture. 00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:15.000 No, when you say D, uh, for now, I'm just saying, no, it doesn't matter too much for that. Okay? 00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:22.000 Yep. Typically, nodal superconductors are very sensitive to disorder. Is that what you find here? So… 00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:24.000 Matt, I get asked about that a lot. 00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:34.000 And then I look at the corporate picture, which is extremely disordered and still is, you know, very strong, is the highest TC superpavia, right? So, it is true, I know, 00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:38.000 And there are conditions on, you know, it matters which type of response, okay? 00:54:38.000 --> 00:54:54.000 No one has learned specimens yet. I've been proposed… I've been asked many times, so at some point, you know, Eva, either you or I or Jose, we should do an experiment. No one has intentionally… usually you won't have pristine samples, but no one has intentionally put this on there, like, here at the 808 or something like that. 00:54:54.000 --> 00:55:02.000 to see if certain amounts of disorder would, you know, kill your superproductivity, etc. Everyone has already done that yet. 00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:16.000 Alright, but, you know, so usually in an S1 superconductor, there's an exponential process. This is straight linear out of the lowest temperature, okay, the feeling of the differential conductance, while the gap is only gradually changing as fitted by the… 00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:18.000 Okay, so this is another 00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:23.000 piece of evidence that seems, you know, consistent with novel behavior. 00:55:23.000 --> 00:55:26.000 Okay, but let's keep going. That's two. 00:55:26.000 --> 00:55:30.000 Then, what happens when you apply a magnetic field, okay? So… 00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:36.000 there is this effect called the Bolovic effect, okay, which is a shift of the superfluid velocity around magnetic vortices, 00:55:36.000 --> 00:55:40.000 Which, you know, normal superconductors, you expect 00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:47.000 a square root of B perpendicular behavior. Here, actually, I should… yeah, this… so this paper is from… 00:55:47.000 --> 00:55:52.000 Capitolics group, you know, where they measured, you know, actual diskamole, so they measured this square root of B dependence. 00:55:52.000 --> 00:55:55.000 you know, of the… 00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:58.000 Visitor states, okay? So… 00:55:58.000 --> 00:56:07.000 We can check this, you know, resistance versus be perpendicular and target voltage. We know the shape of our dome in perpendicular magnetic field space, okay? 00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:10.000 We can measure the resistivity, we know where… 00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:14.000 you know, our critical field, perpendicular field is. 00:56:14.000 --> 00:56:16.000 This is the spectroscopy, and if you plot it… 00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:19.000 it looks like this, okay? 00:56:19.000 --> 00:56:21.000 This has the square root of P perpendicular dependence. 00:56:21.000 --> 00:56:26.000 of the current investigative states at small fields. Which is, again, consistent 00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:30.000 who's knowledgeable connectivity, and it's all of you can say, okay? 00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:44.000 So, there's also what happens in a… in playing field, but I want to, you know, tell you a bit more things about other things. You can read the paper, okay, an in-plane field also very quickly, not straight linear, there's a tiny bit of rounding, but it depends on the sample and so on, but you also feel it linearly. 00:56:44.000 --> 00:56:50.000 You know, with positive magnetic field, which is, again, also consistent with the normal superconductor. 00:56:50.000 --> 00:56:56.000 So, all of these aspects, we have checked with dependents, with dependents of independence. The reproducible 00:56:56.000 --> 00:56:59.000 You know, remember, we have several loans. 00:56:59.000 --> 00:57:05.000 All of them happen on both goals, okay? The hold on and the electron dome. 00:57:05.000 --> 00:57:11.000 And we can make another device, and we have measured them again. Oh, electron dome and hold them on the other. 00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:15.000 Okay, and you can see the details. In the paper, it's already published, actually, I should update this thing. 00:57:15.000 --> 00:57:17.000 Yeah. Alright. 00:57:17.000 --> 00:57:20.000 Now, I should mention that 00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:23.000 Again, there were the two STN papers before, 00:57:23.000 --> 00:57:32.000 pointing to the existence of another superconductivity, I don't think those spectroscopy curves were of the supercontent state, okay? But there were claims of no superconductivity. 00:57:32.000 --> 00:57:38.000 My group was collaborated, although the main… the key authors were Willow Libert and in a separate paper, Philippe Kim, 00:57:38.000 --> 00:57:42.000 of kinetic index transmission measurements per frequency measurements, 00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:49.000 Temperature dependence, also showing that a linear with temperature dependence, particularly for tri-layer, was 00:57:49.000 --> 00:57:55.000 quite clear. For bilayers, you know, for tri-layer, it was… the conclusion was no, though. For tri-layer, it was… 00:57:55.000 --> 00:57:59.000 very anisotropic or rather, okay? The compression, okay? So… 00:57:59.000 --> 00:58:01.000 By now, this seems to be… 00:58:01.000 --> 00:58:07.000 some momentum in the direction of, this is really a novel superconductor, right? And the evidence is… I wouldn't say 100%, but it's… 00:58:07.000 --> 00:58:09.000 It's quite a support, okay? 00:58:09.000 --> 00:58:12.000 All right. Now, in the last… 00:58:12.000 --> 00:58:19.000 Two minutes, let me tell you about, you know, a different geometry, helicopter field, okay? 00:58:19.000 --> 00:58:24.000 So, now, if you take two layers of graphene, 00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:29.000 This actually, in general, unless you have a commensurative angle, this is actually a… 00:58:29.000 --> 00:58:34.000 Of course, I better decreased crystal, actually. 00:58:34.000 --> 00:58:36.000 The moire pattern that forms, 00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:48.000 Okay, looks quite regular, and that's part of the reason there's a separation of scales between the atomic scale and the Moreland scale that allows this continuum model, and allows me to plot all those band structures, as if this was a periodic system. 00:58:48.000 --> 00:58:51.000 Okay, and nobody complaints, okay? 00:58:51.000 --> 00:58:55.000 Now, if you have a single angle, 00:58:55.000 --> 00:58:59.000 You know, this is a magic angle graphene, you know, you have a single mooring pattern. 00:58:59.000 --> 00:59:06.000 If you have two angles, because now you have three layers, now you have, you know, theta 1, 2, and theta23, 00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:13.000 We have another access key here, okay? You can have the alternating geometry, where theta12 is of opposite sign to theta to 3. 00:59:13.000 --> 00:59:16.000 Or you can have the helicopter! 00:59:16.000 --> 00:59:20.000 direction, where theta 1, 2 and theta23 are in the same direction. You twist them like this. 00:59:20.000 --> 00:59:23.000 Okay. And… 00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:27.000 Magic Analytics is trial and everything is there. It's also a single mole pattern. 00:59:27.000 --> 00:59:32.000 Okay? But that's, you know, these lines either only one angle. 00:59:32.000 --> 00:59:36.000 Or, designol without, you know, 00:59:36.000 --> 00:59:39.000 take a minus data are the only ones that have a single molec pattern. 00:59:39.000 --> 00:59:42.000 In general, you have 00:59:42.000 --> 00:59:46.000 A different mori pattern between Lane 2 and 3 00:59:46.000 --> 00:59:52.000 which will look like that, also because a crystal, but from the Moray point of view, it will look like a crystal. But now, when you put 00:59:52.000 --> 00:59:54.000 Then together… 00:59:54.000 --> 01:00:01.000 It will look something like this. Now, not only at the atomic scale you have a constant crystal, 01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:04.000 But at the moral level, you have also quasi-crystal. 01:00:04.000 --> 01:00:09.000 Okay? This is a molecules, okay? And we published a nice paper about this. 01:00:09.000 --> 01:00:14.000 you know, back in 2023. 01:00:14.000 --> 01:00:21.000 I guess, basically, you know, mathematically, if the number of primitive vectors is larger than the number of dimensions, you have a quasicrystall, yeah, you have, you know, you need six 01:00:21.000 --> 01:00:28.000 That is for these four independent view projected to the, you know, and that project under the dimensions, 203, okay? So you have a quasi-crystal. 01:00:28.000 --> 01:00:30.000 And, you know, most of this is… 01:00:30.000 --> 01:00:33.000 filled with quasi-crystal condition, okay? 01:00:33.000 --> 01:00:36.000 Except that axis and that axial. 01:00:36.000 --> 01:00:40.000 So, now… 01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:44.000 This, you know, so in this paper, we explored, you know, like, for example, 01:00:44.000 --> 01:00:47.000 What happens to him? Would you deviate a little bit from…? 01:00:47.000 --> 01:00:56.000 that, you know, single morning condition, and it's, you know, it's interesting, you see superconductivity, you see interesting stuff, okay? But let me not tell you about that. I want to tell you about more recent stuff. 01:00:56.000 --> 01:01:04.000 This, you know, region of helicopt twisted in the southern direction, that is quite interesting or not. It wasn't spoiled very much. 01:01:04.000 --> 01:01:07.000 Particular, this one, even though 01:01:07.000 --> 01:01:10.000 The angle is the same, theta, theta, 01:01:10.000 --> 01:01:16.000 And each pair of mooring patterns are the same, the two Moray patterns are rotated by 01:01:16.000 --> 01:01:19.000 And therefore, you'll have also… 01:01:19.000 --> 01:01:22.000 Yeah, an interesting, because increasingly structure is not. 01:01:22.000 --> 01:01:24.000 Say the morning system. 01:01:24.000 --> 01:01:27.000 So now… 01:01:27.000 --> 01:01:29.000 When you create this Moray 1, 2, and 2, 3, 01:01:29.000 --> 01:01:32.000 Okay. 01:01:32.000 --> 01:01:38.000 If you look now at the AA regions of the More A1-2, and the AA regions of the Moria 23, 01:01:38.000 --> 01:01:41.000 If you now put them together, 01:01:41.000 --> 01:01:44.000 Okay, for around this line… 01:01:44.000 --> 01:01:46.000 Okay? You can see… 01:01:46.000 --> 01:01:52.000 that there is a super moral pattern, okay? Because of that small distantle between the two moral patterns, 01:01:52.000 --> 01:01:54.000 Before my Super Moray pattern. 01:01:54.000 --> 01:01:59.000 With another lens scale, which used to be 10 nanometers, now it's 100 nanometers, okay? 01:01:59.000 --> 01:02:06.000 The supermodel landscape is the Moreland scale of a theta, which… and the Morelan scale was the atomic scale of theta, so it's A with theta squared. 01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:11.000 Okay? Now, 01:02:11.000 --> 01:02:17.000 There is, you know, our friends, you know, uh… you know, this is our paper, the theory paper that I showed. 01:02:17.000 --> 01:02:20.000 earlier? What is it, if it's? 01:02:20.000 --> 01:02:24.000 We're also co-authors, let's okay. 01:02:24.000 --> 01:02:29.000 predicted that at this point, 1.8, 1.8 degrees, 01:02:29.000 --> 01:02:35.000 That would be a magical condition. Platforms for magic angle. Therefore, this is magical helical aircraft. 01:02:35.000 --> 01:02:38.000 Tradmans waiting for helicopter. 01:02:38.000 --> 01:02:41.000 construction. So… 01:02:41.000 --> 01:02:44.000 We made plenty of devices, okay? 01:02:44.000 --> 01:02:49.000 about, you know, magical helicopter and a thing. You can look at the details here. 01:02:49.000 --> 01:02:53.000 And, again, I dual-gated geometry, yeah? And these devices… 01:02:53.000 --> 01:02:59.000 Uh, quite interesting, okay? So this is displacement fill versus filling factor. 01:02:59.000 --> 01:03:05.000 It turns out, for, you know, helical, original helical triggraphy, all of the action happens… 01:03:05.000 --> 01:03:08.000 For electrons, you know, holes are… 01:03:08.000 --> 01:03:17.000 relatively, you know, do not exhibit many signatures of correlations, but for electrons, you have, you know, insulating states at 1, 2, 3. 01:03:17.000 --> 01:03:19.000 Electrons per more unit cell. You have 01:03:19.000 --> 01:03:29.000 Topological phase transitions here. I don't want to talk too much about that. I want to tell you something else, but, you know, here you see the, you know, the gut closest and it opens again. It turns out there's a topological phase. 01:03:29.000 --> 01:03:33.000 Transition there was presented fieldway theory. 01:03:33.000 --> 01:03:37.000 Now, you have, you know, if you measure 01:03:37.000 --> 01:03:40.000 you know, uh… 01:03:40.000 --> 01:03:45.000 the whole voltage in these regions at 1 and 3, you have actually topological 01:03:45.000 --> 01:03:51.000 Magnetism, okay, so you have a strong anomalous whole effect. It's not quantized, I'll tell you in a moment why, okay? But it says… 01:03:51.000 --> 01:03:55.000 Very strong. Okay, in both cases. 01:03:55.000 --> 01:04:01.000 Actually, in terms of security temperature, these are the strongest for graphene-based, these are the strongest topological magnets. 01:04:01.000 --> 01:04:07.000 Okay, larger than the other ones that we've seen, for example, with magical and graphene aligned to HBR, 01:04:07.000 --> 01:04:14.000 or twisted bye-bye. Twisted bye-bye graphene, and others, okay? The TMDs, the decision maker, the Kakogenetics, have 01:04:14.000 --> 01:04:18.000 protein color, they're a bit stronger for this. 01:04:18.000 --> 01:04:22.000 Are there any VMs? No, there's no VM not like… I mean, there's VM, but it's not a lot. 01:04:22.000 --> 01:04:26.000 Okay. Now… 01:04:26.000 --> 01:04:35.000 You should all be a little bit surprised, because, you know, I'm mentioning all these things and showing you that there's an ominous hole here, and so on, but how is it possible that we have all these shared physics? 01:04:35.000 --> 01:04:39.000 In a quasi-crystal, so without broad bands, you know, because not even the mole bands are now. 01:04:39.000 --> 01:04:42.000 Okay, wrong, okay? 01:04:42.000 --> 01:04:45.000 And in particular, the system is C2C similar. 01:04:45.000 --> 01:04:51.000 So, how on earth does he have, you know, very curvature, and how does it support all these species, okay? 01:04:51.000 --> 01:04:55.000 Well, it turns out that relaxation 01:04:55.000 --> 01:04:58.000 matters, and it matters quite a bit. 01:04:58.000 --> 01:05:02.000 In magic and a graphene, okay, at 1.1 degrees, 01:05:02.000 --> 01:05:05.000 There is a little bit of relaxation. It's actually quite important to cut 01:05:05.000 --> 01:05:11.000 the remote bands from the flat bands, and so on. 01:05:11.000 --> 01:05:14.000 If you go below 1 degree, relaxation becomes very important. 01:05:14.000 --> 01:05:17.000 At the magic angle, 1.1 degrees, 01:05:17.000 --> 01:05:27.000 Because a small effect, substantial but small. At 1.8 degrees, like, you know, we have here, people think relaxation is almost non-existing, but that's a bit more escape. 01:05:27.000 --> 01:05:35.000 But remember, now we have a super morning. We have 100 nanometers, so a tiny, tiny, tiny relaxation, and it doesn't matter too much for moire, 01:05:35.000 --> 01:05:38.000 over the supermodel length accumulates and matters, okay? 01:05:38.000 --> 01:05:40.000 So, turns out, 01:05:40.000 --> 01:05:43.000 This thing that I showed here… 01:05:43.000 --> 01:05:48.000 Our theorist friends told us, actually, when you include relaxation, it looks like this. 01:05:48.000 --> 01:05:53.000 You have domains, Morea domains, okay? 01:05:53.000 --> 01:05:56.000 Where, luckily, one domain… I'm looking now at the Moree, 01:05:56.000 --> 01:06:02.000 lattices of each pairs of layers, okay? Now, this is not the atomic lattice. Look, 10 nanometers. This is a modern lattice. 01:06:02.000 --> 01:06:06.000 Where in one domain, we call it H, helicopter theme. 01:06:06.000 --> 01:06:13.000 you have a statue like this, these are the AA sides of the two moral patterns, and in the neighboring domain, you have H-bar, 01:06:13.000 --> 01:06:16.000 You have… 01:06:16.000 --> 01:06:19.000 Vicks have flipped copy, okay? 01:06:19.000 --> 01:06:22.000 So, in each of these domains now, you're breaking… 01:06:22.000 --> 01:06:28.000 underneath C3. Even though globally, sorry, immersive, even though globally do not, okay? 01:06:28.000 --> 01:06:34.000 And you can support, you know, we call this a moire polycrystal, and you support topological brands in each of those. 01:06:34.000 --> 01:06:45.000 Correct. So, in fact, you know, 3SET and collaborators, you know, together with us, again, they predicted there was a hierarchy of energy scales, and you would have this topological flat pans, 01:06:45.000 --> 01:06:50.000 You know, with your number, you know, to be a remote cap, you know. And in these systems, actually, the Coulomb interaction 01:06:50.000 --> 01:06:53.000 These flat months remain flat. 01:06:53.000 --> 01:06:57.000 Even when you add interactions, which, you know, in magical thing, 01:06:57.000 --> 01:07:03.000 The flappers, when you include interactions and they grow, and this has been shown recently by QT experiments, and… 01:07:03.000 --> 01:07:10.000 also in STM and so on. Here, this actually driven flat, even the start interaction. So they think they may be favorable for fascia chain insulators. 01:07:10.000 --> 01:07:12.000 No. Lee's… 01:07:12.000 --> 01:07:19.000 Well, modern political structure shows you why we don't have good quantization, you know, because you have air channels, 01:07:19.000 --> 01:07:29.000 Within each of the domains, but our samples are big, so you have a hundred, you know, channels of fullness of what they're exactly doing, okay? We don't have, really, a quantized conductance, because we have a single pair. 01:07:29.000 --> 01:07:32.000 of their channels. 01:07:32.000 --> 01:07:34.000 All right. Now, turns out, 01:07:34.000 --> 01:07:39.000 It's not just magical angelica, try the one data point. 01:07:39.000 --> 01:07:51.000 Turns out, now you allow for theta12 over theta to 3 to be different from 1, okay? So if it is 1, you have magic angle twisted radiography, or magic angle helical triliography. 01:07:51.000 --> 01:07:54.000 Okay? 01:07:54.000 --> 01:07:59.000 This is superconductor, this is a magnet, you know, where we have an almost-call effect. Those are the points there. 01:07:59.000 --> 01:08:02.000 Turns off, there is a continuum 01:08:02.000 --> 01:08:04.000 of these structures. 01:08:04.000 --> 01:08:07.000 Yeah, let me show you that. 01:08:07.000 --> 01:08:14.000 Why doesn't the light appear? Okay, these are all our data points, okay? We have made devices, and it turns out 01:08:14.000 --> 01:08:22.000 Theory tells us that there is a continuum of flattened conditions when you allow for theta 1 to theta23 to vary continuously. 01:08:22.000 --> 01:08:27.000 Okay, so we have made all of these devices, okay? I believe this may include also some… 01:08:27.000 --> 01:08:29.000 additional data points from the community. 01:08:29.000 --> 01:08:43.000 And initially, we thought, up until this guy came up, we thought, oh, all of the alternating geometries of superconductors, you know, we measured this, we measured this, we measured this, we measured this, like, okay, alternatives, we can add, and then we measure this, and this, oh. 01:08:43.000 --> 01:08:49.000 Helica, they're migrants, and then this guy came up and, you know, kind of ruined the pattern. But… 01:08:49.000 --> 01:08:53.000 It seems that more equocate crystals 01:08:53.000 --> 01:08:58.000 As opposed to more epolycrystals, it depends on the degree of relaxation of the moire shift, you know. 01:08:58.000 --> 01:09:05.000 are better for superconductivity, and this one's better for anomalous holes. This might be a little bit unique, you know, as you can actually, again, it's a single model, and so on. 01:09:05.000 --> 01:09:08.000 But that is… that remains to be fully set. 01:09:08.000 --> 01:09:13.000 Okay? So with that, I want to end, and, you know… 01:09:13.000 --> 01:09:18.000 of course, this is work done by a phenomenal group of students, you know? Actually, 01:09:18.000 --> 01:09:22.000 Several of them have actually moved on, you know, Joanna is now professor at Berkeley, 01:09:22.000 --> 01:09:34.000 I mean, I'm his professor in your neighborhood university, Princeton, service professor at the University of Toronto, and Jane, she's postdoc at Princeton, about to move to Seoul National University in Korea. 01:09:34.000 --> 01:09:42.000 You know, plenty of other… oops, you know, I… I… someone asked me about paella, you know, here I am with my group members, you know, that paella, I cooked it myself, you know? 01:09:42.000 --> 01:09:54.000 And as you all know, the US used to be a great place to be funded for science, and now we are no what's gonna happen, you know, but thank you all for your attention. 01:09:54.000 --> 01:09:57.000 Great. Go ahead. 01:09:57.000 --> 01:10:02.000 Okay? We can do super to super tunnel very voyage stick to the result. 01:10:02.000 --> 01:10:08.000 Jeff's structure, because he knows that being a career pick, right? That's right. Shock to sharp, yes, yes. 01:10:08.000 --> 01:10:10.000 Clear, I have a clear definition. 01:10:10.000 --> 01:10:12.000 In this sample, 01:10:12.000 --> 01:10:18.000 Three layers HVM, that's about anometer, and the HBM gap is a high gap, you know, that's got… 01:10:18.000 --> 01:10:21.000 Silicon dollar insulator. 01:10:21.000 --> 01:10:26.000 We didn't see Joseph Sontana in between the two, okay, which would have been interesting for many things. 01:10:26.000 --> 01:10:29.000 Still, we could have tried to do, and we did, you know. 01:10:29.000 --> 01:10:34.000 You can do, but it was getting complicated, and we wanted to, you know, there's so many parameters, I mean, 01:10:34.000 --> 01:10:45.000 Just mention one trial layer with, you know, gates and so on takes you many months, right? If you have two, with the parameters of both and so on, it was like, it was gonna take 10 years, so the student said, why don't we focus on just… 01:10:45.000 --> 01:10:51.000 This is very meant first. Now we're doing other very interesting experiments with in-plane magnetic field. Turns out… 01:10:51.000 --> 01:10:57.000 This superconductivity seems to be pneumatic, but it's also, please, you know, of anisotropies in the field and so on. 01:10:57.000 --> 01:11:06.000 You add the parameters, and it's extra complicated. We want to do super, super at some point, but, you know, we're doing it slowly, step by step, yeah. 01:11:06.000 --> 01:11:12.000 Maybe… I'm also working on that, on having the robots and the AI agents measure everything so the students 01:11:12.000 --> 01:11:18.000 And you can do other things, but you're definitely at some time. 01:11:18.000 --> 01:11:26.000 Okay, so that's just a basic anchor, you were just magician. It's amazing. 01:11:26.000 --> 01:11:32.000 Uh, I have a comment, one comment, one question. One comment is like it is. So, when you twist, 01:11:32.000 --> 01:11:38.000 Basically, you break all three mirrors so that it becomes so full… 01:11:38.000 --> 01:11:43.000 higher. You can have a left twisting or right twisting. 01:11:43.000 --> 01:11:46.000 So what you call mirror symmetric twisting. 01:11:46.000 --> 01:11:49.000 twisting and untwisting. 01:11:49.000 --> 01:11:53.000 This mirror is not broken, however, you still break a tool. 01:11:53.000 --> 01:11:58.000 perpendicular mirrors. So it is something for the federal publication. 01:11:58.000 --> 01:12:03.000 So if you have a parallel rotation, then you, uh, emergency is not broken. 01:12:03.000 --> 01:12:07.000 But, if you apply the next review along Z direction, 01:12:07.000 --> 01:12:13.000 Now, all… now it becomes higher. So that's how your electric field can do this initial thing. 01:12:13.000 --> 01:12:18.000 You know, you are this, uh, double trailer. 01:12:18.000 --> 01:12:26.000 kids. So, let's say each trilayer is one kind of twisting, left twisting, and also there's a left twisting. 01:12:26.000 --> 01:12:33.000 In addition, these two, they have also relatively left twist. So the whole structure becomes left. 01:12:33.000 --> 01:12:37.000 And then, if you're playing maybe a few of the wrong Z direction. 01:12:37.000 --> 01:12:43.000 Then, in CRISPR, there should be so-called numerous spirit card, translator bikerism. 01:12:43.000 --> 01:12:49.000 In other words, transport distraction, that direction can be different. Or, same directional transport value. 01:12:49.000 --> 01:12:52.000 If you feel the reaction… 01:12:52.000 --> 01:12:57.000 then it's gonna be different. So for 9 minutes per car, directional typo is gonna be able to show up. 01:12:57.000 --> 01:13:00.000 Since it's a superconductivity, 01:13:00.000 --> 01:13:05.000 You may be able to observe beautiful, numbered superconductivity. 01:13:05.000 --> 01:13:10.000 You know, with distraction, detraction, superproductive region, domain can be difficult. 01:13:10.000 --> 01:13:18.000 I think this can be very, very interesting. Over that case, you should be able to know exactly what kind of twisting you have, and also relative twist. 01:13:18.000 --> 01:13:20.000 So, there's a common one. 01:13:20.000 --> 01:13:23.000 So we go next to science paper. 01:13:23.000 --> 01:13:30.000 Don't forget me. We will acknowledge the issue of chaired is very interesting. Yeah. 01:13:30.000 --> 01:13:43.000 In the helicopter layer, it's obviously very kind. Absolutely. So, it's, uh, so that's… I've written multiple proposals, unfortunately, all of them rejected on trying to explore the issue of cairality in these systems. 01:13:43.000 --> 01:13:51.000 You know, but we have it in mind, but yes, thank you. No, I didn't know exactly about those comments, so… 01:13:51.000 --> 01:13:55.000 among the few. And the question I have is a very general question. 01:13:55.000 --> 01:13:57.000 So, as you know, so… 01:13:57.000 --> 01:14:01.000 But in fact, if you do docation dope, you can use productivity. 01:14:01.000 --> 01:14:10.000 So I wonder if the general feeling of a so-called dope graphite superconnectivity versus, say, your basic and then super connectivity. What is the connection? 01:14:10.000 --> 01:14:19.000 So, why not share this collection amount, okay? The dog graphite, you know, these are, you know, alkaline, you know, like, you know, 01:14:19.000 --> 01:14:24.000 you know, this is extremely brutal, okay? So you're distorting quite a bit the graph line, you know. 01:14:24.000 --> 01:14:30.000 Huge. People tell me, for example, in the case of the C60, this is even more dramatic. 01:14:30.000 --> 01:14:33.000 People told me that… 01:14:33.000 --> 01:14:38.000 the, you know, the potassium, the other, you know, all the C60s, you know, spoken doctors. 01:14:38.000 --> 01:14:46.000 Those correlations are very important, but electron formal too, and there is, like, a hybrid there, okay? So… 01:14:46.000 --> 01:14:51.000 This is an ultra-low density, and it's a, you know, quite different regional parameter space as the graphite. 01:14:51.000 --> 01:14:54.000 Okay. So… 01:14:54.000 --> 01:14:58.000 And it's also just carbon, okay? No chemical doping of any kind. So… 01:14:58.000 --> 01:15:01.000 We don't know, okay? But… 01:15:01.000 --> 01:15:04.000 My impression is that they're quite people, you know. 01:15:04.000 --> 01:15:07.000 But, we don't know. 01:15:07.000 --> 01:15:17.000 So, beautiful talk, thank you. Um, I'm really intrigued by your double tri-layer experiment, and when you look at the insulating states, if you thought about doing drag, 01:15:17.000 --> 01:15:24.000 to see if, as a result of correlations, these are exotonic states that are formed, and potentially we could use this setup. 01:15:24.000 --> 01:15:27.000 Without even tunneling, just doing the usual coupons. So… 01:15:27.000 --> 01:15:35.000 We have thought about it, we have not measured the other groups that have measured drug in similar related systems, but not on Magical Magic. 01:15:35.000 --> 01:15:41.000 There, because we have the tunneling region, it's not going to be dry, because there they're gonna tunnel, right? So, ideally, the geometry would be… 01:15:41.000 --> 01:15:48.000 everywhere, let's say 2 nanometers, they are close, but not tunneling, and then you can do the drug experiments. 01:15:48.000 --> 01:15:52.000 For Magical Magic, okay? We have thought about that, we haven't done it yet, but… 01:15:52.000 --> 01:15:54.000 it's something that we don't… 01:15:54.000 --> 01:16:00.000 Yeah. We're working on other things related to exit and acetonic insulators and so on, and it naturally, you know… 01:16:00.000 --> 01:16:04.000 We can talk more. Thank you. 01:16:04.000 --> 01:16:08.000 Well, first of all, thank you for a beautiful talk. Um, 01:16:08.000 --> 01:16:15.000 In the last part of your talk, I wanted to know, can we get qualitative feeling for why the electron part of this 01:16:15.000 --> 01:16:21.000 Face Diagram is so rich with strongly correlated phases that the whole part is not… 01:16:21.000 --> 01:16:25.000 Yeah, so the… the… 01:16:25.000 --> 01:16:41.000 No, the electron is the one that had to correlate this. Electron domain, you know, we count the charges, electron doping, you know, plus charge 2, you get, you know, attracts electrons, you know, plus… 01:16:41.000 --> 01:16:43.000 attracts the electoral neural magic on your device. 01:16:43.000 --> 01:16:45.000 So, 01:16:45.000 --> 01:16:48.000 The, you know… 01:16:48.000 --> 01:16:54.000 Theorists tell us that this is much flatter than this, okay? And that's why, but… 01:16:54.000 --> 01:16:56.000 you know, it's… this is… 01:16:56.000 --> 01:17:02.000 We were a bit surprised it was so dramatic the difference. Because it was quick. In Magic Under Balliography, 01:17:02.000 --> 01:17:06.000 It is also quite electrophole asymmetric. 01:17:06.000 --> 01:17:09.000 Okay? For regions… for reasons which are not entirely understood, 01:17:09.000 --> 01:17:18.000 There is… at the level of electronic structure of single particle physics, it's also electroly symmetric. Many people think that it's symmetric, it's not, actually. 01:17:18.000 --> 01:17:25.000 But it's not gigantically asymmetric, but the, you know, correlating simulative states, for example, 01:17:25.000 --> 01:17:33.000 Particularly, for samples where you, you know, around 1.08, 1.09 degrees when TC is maximum. 01:17:33.000 --> 01:17:38.000 You see a very strong correct insulator says that plus 2 and plus 3, but… 01:17:38.000 --> 01:17:44.000 you barely see at minus 2, there's a weak correlating with you, you don't see anything at minus 3 and minus 1, you know, so it's… 01:17:44.000 --> 01:17:50.000 quite asymmetry, but not as dramatic as this, where there's nothing on one side, and a lot on the other. Yeah. 01:17:50.000 --> 01:17:52.000 Just to clarify, Chris. So this… 01:17:52.000 --> 01:18:00.000 This VAN structure, is it, uh, based on DFT or type bindings? 01:18:00.000 --> 01:18:03.000 I believe it's some sort of tag value, though. 01:18:03.000 --> 01:18:06.000 type in this last continuum model. I don't think it's DFT. 01:18:06.000 --> 01:18:10.000 You know, the… you know, magic angle graffiti? 01:18:10.000 --> 01:18:15.000 10,000 annual units, to do an accurate calculation of that, like, you know, this is… 01:18:15.000 --> 01:18:18.000 You know, I fucked out of… 01:18:18.000 --> 01:18:30.000 It's not first principle, you know. You can do DFT. 01:18:30.000 --> 01:18:33.000 That's for the whole thing, never. You can never do an empty for the whole. 01:18:33.000 --> 01:18:40.000 point, it takes, like, a month. Yeah. 1K point. 01:18:40.000 --> 01:18:49.000 Full force, brood EFT. How much do you trust DFT? Famillion at all. 01:18:49.000 --> 01:18:54.000 At the beginning of your talk, you mentioned that your superconductor uses… 01:18:54.000 --> 01:18:59.000 We'll quorum numbers here, or two quorum numbers. Pin up, it's pin down, valley, K value, K prime. 01:18:59.000 --> 01:19:08.000 We're not the superconductor, graphene in general. I see. You know, if you look at why these… you made a remark about the superconductor, too. 01:19:08.000 --> 01:19:11.000 Yeah, so what I said is… 01:19:11.000 --> 01:19:14.000 you know, I didn't show it here. 01:19:14.000 --> 01:19:19.000 Maybe to not stop, there will be a little bit more of that, because it's introductory, only to some level. 01:19:19.000 --> 01:19:26.000 But if you look at… if you do quantum modulations measurements, and you look what's the degeneracy, 01:19:26.000 --> 01:19:32.000 of your states, okay? You can see that between filling factor 0, 01:19:32.000 --> 01:19:38.000 And one, your degenerys is 4, okay? I see. But between filifactor 01:19:38.000 --> 01:19:44.000 two and three were superconductivity course, your JS is 2, so you know that the system is picking two out of the four possible flavors. 01:19:44.000 --> 01:19:47.000 to superconduct. I see. Yeah, that's what I meant. 01:19:47.000 --> 01:19:53.000 So the other degeneracies have been broke somehow, is in that billing process. Well, you know, 01:19:53.000 --> 01:20:02.000 what we… what we… what initial experiment… not the very first one, but subsequent experiments, you know, measured with Haliliani, we measured 01:20:02.000 --> 01:20:04.000 discuss interface transitions. 01:20:04.000 --> 01:20:08.000 And already in the whole day, you know, original experiment, you can see 01:20:08.000 --> 01:20:11.000 But it seems like there was a full density, the holdensity is linear, 01:20:11.000 --> 01:20:14.000 And then, at filling factor 2, 01:20:14.000 --> 01:20:18.000 resets to zero. So it seems like those… two of those flavors… 01:20:18.000 --> 01:20:20.000 going to the insulated state? 01:20:20.000 --> 01:20:30.000 The remain insulated, and now as you add carriers to the superconductor, to get the supercund, you're starting from zero and filling those two leftover flavors out of the four. 01:20:30.000 --> 01:20:34.000 And what are those two acceptable flavors? We don't know. We don't know. We don't know if it's… 01:20:34.000 --> 01:20:45.000 linear combinations of those. We don't know for sure, yeah. Maybe just a small comment in connection to that from Harchi Fogg. We know that spin orders first. 01:20:45.000 --> 01:20:48.000 So, for a spin that fills up, then valve. 01:20:48.000 --> 01:20:51.000 That's why, in Magic Angle, 01:20:51.000 --> 01:20:55.000 Just twisted by layer at 3 quarters, you get the anomalous hole. 01:20:55.000 --> 01:20:59.000 You fill up first to spend, and then only one value is… 01:20:59.000 --> 01:21:05.000 So, from weekly correlated… 01:21:05.000 --> 01:21:13.000 No. You only have one option left, so, you know… Yeah, so you, by definition, you're gonna get the… The two is hard, because… Yeah, you could keep them… you could equally fill them. 01:21:13.000 --> 01:21:17.000 It would be also fun. But we know that that's not the answer. 01:21:17.000 --> 01:21:21.000 Okay, I think it will, uh, call it… 01:21:21.000 --> 01:21:26.000 of Seminoff? 01:21:26.000 --> 01:21:34.000 most public cloud, please come through with, uh, IM sections this evening, if you can, um, and he'll be here also to answer questions. 01:21:34.000 --> 01:21:58.000 I think, who is first? How are you? Sounds good. Oh, okay. But my destination… 01:21:58.000 --> 01:22:22.000 Yeah, we're gonna have some…