PHYSICS 388 389 506
Experiments
in Modern and Applied Physics
updates:
May 1 final presentation
schedule
3:20 Opening
3:25 "Electrical Transport in Materials"
Joe Graves, Nathan Odell and Mark Sikora
3:37 "Cyclotron" Alex Archer and
Anthony Barker
3:49 "Single Bubble Sonoluminescence"
Kinga Partyka, Steve Rodan and Michael Solway
4:01 "Thermal Conduction in Zinc"
Mat
Carriuolo, Darrian Merza and Charles Pax
4:13 "Evaporative Metal Film Deposition"
Will Baginski and Joe Rovner
4:25 "Low Energy Electron Diffraction"
Pablo Mosteiro, Stan Solomovich and Jonathan Zrake
4:37 "AC Calorimetry" Shripad
Vagle
and Neil Wilson
Apr 11 final presentations on May 1, 2006 by
exploration groups
Mar. 23 added interim report
by UHV group
Feb. 27 added interim report
by vac. film
deposition group
Jan. 27 modified material physics I and II
Jan. 25 added links to SL
Jan. 20 added links to UHV and Vacuum film
deposition
Jan. 11 Nobel lecutre video
by Robert H. Grubbs, "Olefin Metathesis Catalysts for the Synthesis of
Molecules and Materials"
Jan. 8, 2006 New course structure
description. Results of
Survey from end of Fall semester 2005. I thank all students
who participated and gave comments about the course in the physics
387/389 WebCT survey. We'll attempt to respond to your comments
as
much as possible. (HK)
Jan. 6, 2006 WebCT for 388/389 is open
Jan. 5, 2006 added laser and Raman spectroscopy write ups.
announcements on: "low temperature experiments and pc-based
instrumentation", "thin film deposition and surface plasmons"
prior updates: Simple Error Analysis,
Notes on lock-in amplifier,
Notes on photomultiplier tube(gamma ray
spectroscopy)
Contact Information:
Course supervisor: Harry Kojima, kojima@physics.rutgers.edu,
(732)445-3875, Serin 120W
Course Assistant: Kolya Klimov, nnk@physics.rutgers.edu, (732)445-2252,
Serin 162E
Class Hours: MW 3:20-4:40 PM
Location: Serin 133W
Course Structure and Policies:
- Where possible students will work on experiments in pairs, or
groups of three, if enrollment is large.
- Each group may choose from one of
two
tracks: (a) "traditional" or (b)
"exploration."
- traditional:
choose five (different from those done
during Fall 2005 semester) among those available experiments (marked by
*). Manuals,
equipment and set ups are available. You will
write reports on the experiments and submit them according to
schedule.
- exploration:
choose one of those listed below and
concentrate
on it during the whole semester. Only one group will be assigned
to each exploration topic. General laboratory procedures,
equipment and manuals are provided, but specific details may not be
given. Rough schedule and timeline
will be provided. You
will independently make detailed plan, research background physics,
organize and execute the experiment. Keep in mind what
equipment is available in the laboratory. Small amount of fund
may be available for purchasing materials, devices, etc. You will
submit an execution plan and make progress reports/presentations at
different stages of experiment and make final report/presentation.
- As in other laboratory courses, it is essential that each student
reads the laboratory write up thoroughly in order to understand the
physics involved before staring any experiment. Do not start an
experiment before reading the total write up and understanding the
entire procedure. Many of the equipment are delicate and
expensive.
- Each student will write up a lab report
(see below) for each experiment. The lab reports will be graded
on a 0-10 scale. Penalties will be given to late reports.
- Lab reports must be typed. Hand written lab reports will not be
accepted.
- At the end of the semester a histogram of all the points earned
by each student
will be made, and the grade boundaries will be
drawn to
determine each student's grade.
Lab Report Outline:
I. Introduction (purpose, equations; 1 ~ 2 paragraphs)
II. Apparatus (1 paragraph of description)
III. Data (pages from the student's lab notebook)
IV. Analysis and Results (graphs, calculations, answers)
V. Discussion (measurement uncertainties) and Conclusions
Simple
Error Analysis
Goals of the Experiments
In each of our experiments the experiment write-up provides information
sufficient to perform the experiment, and often goes beyond what is
necessary to write a good lab report. While it is often advantageous
to follow the lab write-up in its entirety, it is not necessary. In
this section you will find a list of the experiments and the goal of
each, which will tell you what your aim should be in doing the
experiment. All fits to data must quote chi squared values
and
uncertainties in the fitting parameters.
To get the .pdf file for the experimental write-ups, click on the links
below.
!!
Do not use the printer in Room 133 to make copies of lab manuals and
other links. Make copies elsewhere and bring them to the lab.
(*)PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:
Here
the aim of the experiment is to make a
graph of the stopping voltage vs. frequency of light. The slope of
this graph is Planck's constant. Fit the graph to a straight line and
quote the values of the fitting parameters and their uncertainties.
get
pdf file here
(Ryan Turcotte, Jeffrey Goett)
<>(*)ELECTROMAGNETIC
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
The aim of the experiment is to
plot the reflected and refracted light
intensities vs. angle for both polarizations, and to superimpose on
your data the Fresnel equation theoretical form, adjusted to fit the
data.
get pdf
file here
Fresnel formuli(pdf)
(Cameron Heines, Christos Diaz,
Hyung Kim)
(*)FARADAY
EFFECT: The
aim of
this experiment is to plot the light
intensity vs. polarizer angle for B=0, and two non zero B fields. The
correct cosine squared curves should be superimposed on the data, and
the values of the polarization rotation angles determined and checked
that they are linear in B.
get pdf
file here
Notes: (1)A factor pi is
missing in the numerator of the RHS of Eq. 3. (Mosteiro, Solomovich and
Zrake)
(*)FRANCK-HERTZ
EXPERIMENT:
The
aim is to plot the peak and valley
voltages vs. n_col. Fit your data to straight lines and quote your
answers including uncertainties.
get pdf
file here
(Brigid Farrell, Zeeshaan Farman,
Ori Kahi)
(*)ZEEMAN
EFFECT:
Measure the
Zeeman splitting of excitation lines in
mercury for several magnetic field values, and prove that the
splitting is proportional to the magnitude of the B field.
get pdf
file here
Notes: (1)Restarting of the measurement software may be required, after
recalibrating the spectrometer, if PMT is not selected. (Diaz,
Hines and Kim)
(*)FERROMAGNETIC
PHASE
TRANSITION OF
GADOLINIUM: Plot the heat capacity
as a function of temperature and measure the temperature at which the
phase transition occurs. How well do you know this value?
get
pdf file here
Notes: (1)Lock-in amplifier: Description,
Simulation,
Specifications
of SR830, Application
Note (SRS) ..
(2) R.O. Pohl, "Lattice Vibrations of Solids," Am. J. Phys. 55, 245 (1987). Discussion of
specific heat as a research tool. (pdf)
(*)SPEED
OF LIGHT:
Measure the
speed of light using only the optical
apparatus, oscilloscope, and measuring tape. Quote your
uncertainties. Go on to use the time interval counter to measure c by
the method of phase shifts.
get
pdf file here
(*)CW
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE:
Measure the NMR frequencies of
hydrogen and fluorine and quote their ratio including uncertainties.
First use only the oscilloscope technique, and if you have time use
the lock-in amplifier.
get pdf file
here
(*)X-RAY
DIFFRACTION:
Measure
several known samples, and one unknown
sample, to determine the spacing of atoms in the crystal structure.
get pdf
file here
Notes:
(1)You will need to obtain a radiation badge prior to doing this
experiment. It takes several weeks to arrive. So plan
ahead. See write up, page 4.
(*)GAMMA
RAY SPECTROSCOPY:
Measure the spectra of Cesium 137, Cobalt
60,
and Sodium 22, identify the spectroscopic lines and determine their
relative energies. Are these energies in the same ratio as their
"accepted" values predict? What are the uncertainties.
get pdf
file here
Notes: (1)Canberra
2007P
photomultiplier tube/preamplifier.
(*)GAMMA-GAMMA
ANGULAR
CORRELATIONS:
Your aim is to plot the
coincidence
rate as a function of angle. How much of the width of the plot can be
explained by the finite size of the detectors, and what contribution
can the physics of the gamma-gamma emission process make?
get pdf
file here
(*)PROPER
LIFETIME OF THE MUON:
Plot your data of the number of decays
observed vs. time. Fit the data to an exponential form. Is there a
background present? Is it constant in time? If so fit to an
exponential plus a constant. Quote your uncertainties.
get pdf
file here
(*)LASER:
To understand
the
fundamentals of laser operation, to gain experience with beam
diagnostic equipment, and to understand Gaussian beam optics as
applied to lasers. Get pdf file on laser 1
and laser
2.
Safety
procedures for usage of lasers.
Wavelength meter (model WM4200 made
by Vere
Inc., updated version of WM4100
in the lab).
Instruction
Manual for Burleigh
spectrum analyzer
Introduction and information on laser at Melles Griot (optical
component manufacturer)
link
Gaussian beam propagation tutorial at Melles Griot link
J.F.
Mulligan, "Who were Fabry and Perot?", Am. J. Phys. 66, 797(1998)
(*)RAMAN
EFFECT: To
measure
Raman spectrum of simple organic liquids and to use Raman scattering to
determine the composition of unknown liquid mixture.
get pdf
file here
Introduction
to Raman Spectroscopy
Instruments SA H-20 monochrometer specifications
YAG laser made by Continuum manual.
You must read the sections on safety
procedure in this laser manual before starting experiment.
Boxcar Integrator (Stanford
Research Systems)
Topics
of "Exploration"
CYCLOTRON (I): automatic RF
regulation (aRFr group)
- description of exploration (TBA)
- operating procedure(draft)
- schedule
- See http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/cyclotron
for overall description.
- description
for need for focusing magnetic field and the overall work
that has been done thus far(excluding the X-Y mapper).
- report
on the "initial testing" of the X-Y positioner. (T. Koeth)
- notes
on RF system. (T. Koeth)
- "chimney" photo and assembly procedure(link)
- cyclotron operation manual
- Background readings on cyclotron (given in "overall description"
above)
Thanks to development by and guidance from Tim
Koeth(koeth@physics.rutgers.edu), William(Bill)
Schneider(wschneid@physics.rutgers.edu)
and Stuart Hanebuth(hanebuths@coned.com).
(cyclotron system)
(Stu, Alex and
Anthony )
CYCLOTRON (II): magnetic field
profile and its effect on cyclotron operation
See CYCLOTRON (I) for background materils.
- description of exploration (TBA)
MATERIAL PHYSICS AND
PC-BASED INSTRUMENTATION (I):ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT: To
be developed. (Tentative)To
learn principles and techniques of electrical transport properties, to
apply them to measurements of the temperature dependence of
resistance
of metals, semiconductors and high temperature
superconducting material and to explore physics behind electrical
transport phenomena in these materials. Magnetic properties may
also be explored.
(Nathan Odell, Joseph Graves,Mark
Sikora)
MATERIAL PHYSICS AND
PC-BASED INSTRUMENTATION (II): THERMAL TRANSPORT:To be
developed. (Tentative)To
learn experimental principles and methods of thermal properties, to
apply them to
measure thermal conductivity and heat capacity of chosen materials and
to
explore physics behind thermal phenomena in these materials. See (I) for related thermometry links.
(Mathew Carriuolo, Darrian Merza)
VACUUM FILM DEPOSITION AND SURFACE
PLASMONS: To be developed. (Tentative)To learn vacuum
techniques, thin film deposition methods, to characterize physical
properties of the films and to observe surface plamon propagation.
(Joel Rovner, Will Bagienski)
ULTRA HIGH VACUUM AND SURFACE PHYSICS:
To be redeveloped. (Tentative)To learn ultra high vacuum
techniques and study surface reconstruction of copper using Low Energy
Electron Diffraction (LEED) technique. Thanks to guidance and
assistance
from James Lallo(jlallo@physics.rutgers.edu) in LSM group in Nano
Physics Laboratory(NPL).
- interim report
(Mar. 23, 2006)
- description
of exploration (adapted from a report written by James Lallo)
- LEED patterns and results
(obtained by James Lallo)
- rotary
vacuum pump
- turbo
pump, working
with turbopump, manual for
turbopump, manual for turbo
pump controller,
- Make sure the turbo pump is mounted
correctly and won't be exposed to pressure more than 10-3
when it's at full speed.
- Don't even try to turn on the ion
gauge unless you know the pressure is in the 10-4 Torr range
or lower. If you don't have another gauge to tell you that, don't try
to turn on the ion gauge until the turbo pump is at full speed for 3-5
minutes. Don't use the 10x setting until the pressure is better than 10-8
- 10-9 torr.
- Leave the turbo pump at standby when
you are not really using it (saves the bearing).
- If you are pumping down from 1 atm,
don't relax and watch for possible leaks until the pressure is better
than 10-4 torr. The turbo pump might stop at any worse
pressure.
- Do not start baking until 10-6
Torr (to make sure you have caught all the big leaks).
- Do not use the ion pump until you are
in the range of 10-7 torr. (ion pumps have a life of < 1
year when you pump it at 1x10-6 torr).
G. Ertl &
J. Küppers: Low
Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry, VCH, 1985 Chp. 9
M.A. Van Hove,
W.H. Weinberg &
C.M. Chan: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction, Springer Verlag,
1986.
T.A. Delchar, Vacuum
Physics and Techniques,
Chapman and Hall,1993
(Orange Cats: Stan Solomovich, Jonathan Zrake, Pablo
Mosteiro)
(James Lallo)
SONOLUMINESCENCE (SL): To be
redeveloped.
Juniors who
are willing to continue in Fall 2006 will be preferred. You will
find numerous web site links by typing sonoluminescece as search word.
(Kinga Partyka, Steven Rodan, Michael Solway)
___________________________________________________________________________
Results
of Survey Fall 2005
List of Books Reserved for this course in
Physics
Library