Physics of Sound 301
Spring 2009

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Free online textbook on Sound and Music (quite mathematical)

Vibrations and normal modes:

• Coupled pendula (applet)
• Longitudinal normal modes (applet)
• Singing rod normal modes (with sound files and videos)
• Measured normal modes of hockey stick (visualization)
• Measured phonons (normal modes) of Bi at a million million Hertz

Waves:

• Waves (animations)
• Sound waves, water waves, Raleigh waves (animations)
• Superposition of waves and standing waves (animations)
• Reflection of waves (animations)
• Standing sound waves in tube (applet)
• Standing waves in singing rod (with sound files and videos)
• Pulse and waves on stretched string (applet)
• Pulse and modes on a plucked string (applet)
• Modes on plucked string (applet)
• Normal modes of a string (animations)
• Normal modes of rectangular membrane (applet)
• Normal modes of circular membrane (applet)
• Listen to sine, square, sawtooth, triangle waves and their linear combinations (applet)
• Diffraction (applets)
• Doppler effect (applet)
• Doppler effect and sonic booms (animations)
• Refraction of sound waves (animations)
• Sound fields from monopole, dipole, quadrupole sources (animations)
• Complex number representation of waves (tutorial)

Fourier program and applets:

• Beats (applet)
• Listen to beats (applet)
• Fourier decomposition (animations)
• Fourier expansion and synthesis (applet - draw your own wave!)
• Fourier synthesis (applet with clarinet and trumpet sounds)
• Download Fourier transform program for PC's.

Voice and vocal formants:

• Vocal sound production
• Spectra of several spoken vowels
• Helium speech (mini-lecture with sound files)

Ear and hearing:

• Ear anatomy (picture)
• Ear anatomy and eardrum function (animation)
• Cochlea (picture)
• Organ of Corti (picture)
• Fletcher-Munson curves (equal loudness curves)
• Tutorial: decibels, phons, and sones.

Music and musical instruments:

• Music: A Mathematical Offering (free online textbook)
• Piano, Harpsichord and Organ
• Edgetones
• How do woodwind instruments work?
• Woodwind instruments
• How do brass instruments work?
• Brass instruments
• The piano keyboard
• Violin Acoustics
• Slip & Stick of bow/string
• Spectra of saxophone, clarinet, guitar, piano
• Circle of fifths (music theory)

Miscellaneous:

• Auditorium acoustics 
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• Reverberation time (sound files)
• Sound intensity and the decibel scale